In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• Tonghak:A Progressive Ideological Heritage Indigenous to the Chosŏn Nation*
• Hak Hui Ro (bio) Translated by Keiran Mcrae

Preface

Vladimir Glomb

Tonghak thought and its legacy, since the very beginning of the DPRK regime, were part of its political and ideological structure and a frequently discussed part of North Korean historical discourse. Evaluations of the Tonghak movement, the Kabo Peasant War, Ch'oe Cheu, or the anti-Japanese struggle of Ch'ŏndogyo members variegated through seven decades of the regime to a certain degree, but in spite of partial criticism always remained positive. This attitude was further strengthened in the last two decades when Tonghak gained an even more prominent position in the historical narrative and became a highlighted chapter in the history of the anti-feudal and anti-imperialist struggle of the Korean people.¹ These changes in interpretation of Tonghak are especially [End Page 545] prominent within the field of the history of philosophy, where Ch'oe Cheu's thought and later developments of the Tonghak doctrine became intensively discussed topics. Such qualitative and quantitative change can be best illustrated by plain numbers: the first comprehensive history of Korean thought, Chosŏn ch'ŏrhaksa 1,² published in 1960, spent only three pages out of 370 on Ch'oe Cheu's thought, while an analogous publication of similar size (also titled Chosŏn ch'ŏrhaksa)³ published in 2007 contains thirteen pages, in which Chŏn Pongjun's thought is also discussed. The rise of Tonghak to prominence in the sphere of the history of ideas is also attested in the most comprehensive up-to-date North Korean work on the history of Korean philosophy, Chosŏn ch'ŏrhak chŏnsa,⁴ where the topic is covered in more than forty pages in the seventh volume.

The shift of the historical debate from the social and political aspects of Tonghak toward its philosophical message is marked not only by new works like Yang Mansŏk's Tonghak ŭi aeguk aejo sasang [Tonghak patriotic and nation-loving thought] from 2009,⁵ but above all by a surge of articles on Tonghak and the philosophy of the New Man (sin'in ch'ŏrhak) in North Korean philosophy journals. Ch'ŏrhak yŏn'gu (recently renamed as Ch'ŏrhak sahoe chŏngch'ihak yŏn'gu) and issues of Journal of Kim Il Sung University focusing on philosophy in recent years published dozens of articles on the topic, more than in all preceding decades combined and more than on most other topics of Korean thought. There is a hectic ongoing interest in Tonghak thought and the here presented study serves as a direct example of the shifting contours within North Korean historical and ideological discourse.

The new focus is also documented by the author of this study. Prof. Ro Hak Hui is an eminent historian of philosophy active both at Kim Il Sung University and the Academy of Sciences. A specialist on traditional Korean thought, he [End Page 546] authored dozens of articles on topics ranging from Parhae and Silla thought to Yulgok's epistemology and several monographs, including Chosŏn yugyo sŏngnihak yŏn'gu [Studies on Korean Confucianism and learning of nature and principle]⁶ or Chosŏn chŏrhaksa saryo chip [Collected documents on history of Korean philosophy].⁷ The present study revisits many parts of his previous seven articles published on various aspects of Tonghak thought and the philosophy of the New Man. It is rare to gain access to North Korean sources on the history of philosophy, yet it is even rarer to directly see its contemporary development.

Introduction

The Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung⁸ teaches the following: "The Tonghak and Ch'ŏndogyo ideologies, unceasingly animated by the national spirit [ŏl], are the pride of the nation. The patriotism and loyalty of the Ch'ŏndogyo martyrs who devoted themselves to loving the state, nation, and people will long remain in the nation's history."⁹

Tonghak was a feature of the Chosŏn nation's progressive ideological heritage, which took form, developed, and circulated extensively through the lawful process of development of Chosŏn national philosophical thought that began in the medieval...

中文翻译：

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Tonghak：朝鲜民族的进步意识形态遗产

代替摘要，这里是内容的简要摘录：

• Tonghak：朝鲜民族的进步意识形态遗产*
• Hak Hui Ro（生物），Keiran Mcrae翻译

前言

弗拉基米尔·格隆布（Vladimir Glomb）

自朝鲜政权成立以来，通哈的思想及其遗产一直是其政治和意识形态结构的一部分，并且是朝鲜历史话语中经常讨论的一部分。对通哈运动，卡波农民战争，丘乔，或钦多吉成员的抗日斗争的评价在一定程度上分散了该政权的七十年，但尽管受到了部分批评，但始终是积极的。在过去的二十年中，当通鹤在历史叙事中获得更加突出的地位并成为朝鲜人民反封建和反帝斗争历史上的重要一章时，这种态度得到了进一步加强。¹这些对Tonghak的解释上的变化尤其是[End Page 545]在哲学史领域的杰出成就中，赵无极的思想以及后来的通和学说的发展成为人们广泛讨论的话题。这样的定性和定量的变化可以通过简单的数字来最好的说明：韩国第一个想到的综合性历史，朝鲜ch'ŏrhaksa1 ，² 1960年出版的，在Ch'oe中央健康教育组的思想只花了三页出370，而类似的出版物相似大小（也称为Chosŏnch'ŏrhaksa）³2007年出版的书共13页，其中还讨论了春凤君的思想。朝合在思想史上的崛起也得到了朝鲜在朝哲学史上最全面的最新著作《朝鲜哲学史》（Chosŏnch'ŏrhakchsansa）的证实，⁴该主题涉及更多内容。超过第七卷的四十页。

历史辩论从通哈的社会和政治方面向其哲学信息的转移不仅标志着新的作品，如杨曼ŏ克的《通哈爱国民族爱国思想》，2009年第^5期，但最重要的是，朝鲜哲学期刊上发表了大量关于Tonghak和New Man（sin'inch'ŏrhak）哲学的文章。Ch'rhakyŏn'gu（最近更名为Ch'rhak sahoechŏngch'ihakyŏn'gu）和《金日成大学学报》近年来，以哲学为中心的主题发表了数十篇有关该主题的文章，比前几十年来的总和还多，而且涉及韩国思想的大多数其他主题。人们对通哈克思想的兴趣日趋浓厚，这里介绍的研究是朝鲜历史和意识形态话语中不断变化的轮廓的直接例子。

该研究的作者也记录了新的焦点。Ro Hak Hui教授是金日成大学和科学院的著名哲学史学家。他是韩国传统思想的专家，[结束页546]发表了数十篇文章，涉及从Parhae和Silla思想到Yulgok的认识论等主题，以及几本专着，包括Chosŏnyugyosŏngnihakyŏn'gu [韩国儒家研究以及对自然和原理的学习]。 ] ⁶或Chosŏnchŏrhaksasaryo chip [关于韩国哲学史的文献汇编]。⁷本研究回顾了他先前发表的关于通和思想和“新人”哲学各个方面的七篇文章的许多部分。很难获得朝鲜关于哲学史的资料，但是直接看到朝鲜的当代发展则更为罕见。

介绍

伟大的领导人金日成同志⁸教导说：“通加克和钦多吉的意识形态不断受到民族精神的熏陶，这是民族的骄傲。忠于奉行精神的钦多吉烈士的爱国主义和忠诚自己热爱国家，民族和人民，将长期留在民族的历史中。” ⁹

通哈克是朝鲜民族先进意识形态遗产的一个特征，它是在中世纪开始的朝鲜民族哲学思想的合法发展过程中形成，发展和广泛传播的。