Abstract:

Stereotyped pacing, self-biting, coprophagia, and other such behaviors have long been observed among animals in menageries and zoos. Yet it was only in the mid-twentieth century that such phenomena were scientifically problematized as abnormal—as deleterious modifications of natural behavioral norms due to captivity, specifically, anthropogenic modes of enclosure and exhibition that inadequately transposed natural environmental conditions. In the course of the biological modernization of zoological gardens, abnormal animal behaviors became knowable as psychological maladjustments to be remediated through productive biopolitical interventions. Reading zoo biologists Heini Hediger and Monica Meyer-Holzapfel, their psychological interpreters such as Henri Ellenberger, and philosophers of abnormality Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault, this essay will elucidate the scientific knowledge and practices that identified these abnormalities and sought to ameliorate them, thereby producing their own unrecognized transformations. It will also reflect on the more general significance of this dynamic for human-animal relations in the behavioral anthropocene.

摘要：

长期以来，在饲养场和动物园的动物中都观察到了定型的起搏，自咬，共食和其他此类行为。然而直到二十世纪中叶，这种现象才在科学上被质疑为异常-由于被囚禁导致自然行为规范的有害修改，特别是人为的封闭和展示方式，不适当地转移了自然环境条件。在生态花园的生物现代化过程中，动物异常行为成为众所周知的心理失调，需要通过生产性生物政治干预措施加以纠正。阅读动物园生物学家Heini Hediger和Monica Meyer-Holzapfel，他们的心理学解释者，例如Henri Ellenberger，以及异常哲学家Georges Canguilhem和Michel Foucault，本文将阐明识别这些异常并试图改善这些异常的科学知识和实践，从而产生它们自己无法识别的转变。它还将反映这种动力学对于行为人类世中人-动物关系的更一般的意义。