Reviewed by:

• Race by Martin Orkin
• Noe Montez

Race is among the newest texts in Routledge's The New Critical Idiom series. Charged with providing an explanatory guide to critical histories and vocabularies of race for undergraduate humanists, authors Martin Orkin and Alexa Alice Joubin create a practical introduction that will serve many classrooms as well as students seeking foundational knowledge in the field. Orkin and Joubin draw from a number of historical accounts, literary references, and popular culture allusions from across the world for their readers. This depth of knowledge brings a richness to the text. Orkin and Joubin divide the book into three sections: the first concerns the origins of cultural notions of race, in addition to the beginnings of scientific theorizing about racial categorization; the second addresses the ways that colonialism and slavery created a new understanding of race in opposition to whiteness; and the third section defines contemporary knowledge production on race as it is shaped by globalization, the U.S. Civil Rights movement, and the politics of exile. Accompanied by a strong bibliography and a small but serviceable glossary, Race provides insight into specific racial categorizations and demonstrates how the language and cultural understanding of race has been written and re-written in several different contexts throughout the history of western civilization.

The first section, "Fixing the Fetters of Race" focuses on constructions of race from ancient Greece to medieval Europe. The [End Page 585] authors begin with a chapter grounded in the history of barbarism. This portion of the book explores the Greek concept of barbarism as a way of distinguishing between their political and cultural values and those of others. While the term was used as a method of self-definition (by drawing contrast between themselves and others), it began to take on racial overtones by the end of the Hellenistic period. From here, Orkin and Joubin turn to the early Christian church and its conceptions of Muslims and Jews, thus marking physiognomic and behavioral distinctions which imagined Christians as normative and others as sinners. The chapter draws heavily on ancient literary texts, religious documents, legislative and judicial practices as a way of documenting these early efforts to mark others as ethnically and culturally distinct. The second chapter of this section turns towards discourses of the natural sciences and the search for scientific evidence of racial difference. Orkin and Joubin draw from observations, pseudo-science, and experiments dating back from the mid-fourteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, recording the ways that such studies were used to advance debates around nationalism and immigration that remain with us in the twenty-first century.

Part two of Race, titled "Recasting the Fetters of Race," discusses reconfigurations of race born out of the legacies of slavery and colonialism. The chapter begins by exploring connections between race and the United States' legal system from independence to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, as well as South African law during its period of apartheid in the twentieth century. Orkin and Joubin cite heavily from Alice Walker's The Color Purple and J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians as texts through which to read about the impact of racism. These examples work, although it seems surprising that the authors would draw from late twentieth century texts, particularly in the case of the United States, where there are so many texts from the period that can be used to discuss the pernicious effects of race and legality. From there, the book describes how slavery intersects with imaginings of race. Orkin and Joubin provide a detailed history of the British slave trade before turning to an investigation of slave narratives in Solomon Northrup's Twelve Years a Slave and Toni Morrison's Beloved.

The final section of Race, "Loosening the Fetters of Race," concludes with a brief chapter that thinks through the ways that definitions of race intersect with contemporary notions of exile, class, and gender. Orkin and Joubin explore exile and migration during Britain's modernist period; from there, the chapter briefly examines intersectionality through a reading of David Henry...

审核人：

• 马丁·奥金的比赛
• 诺·蒙特斯（Noe Montez）

种族是Routledge的“ The New Critical Idiom”系列中的最新文章。马丁·奥金（Martin Orkin）和亚历克斯·艾丽斯·爱丽斯·朱宾（Alexa Alice Joubin）负责为本科生的人文主义者提供有关批判性历史和种族词汇的解释性指南，并为他们提供了实用的介绍，该课程将为许多教室以及寻求该领域基础知识的学生提供服务。奥金（Orkin）和乔宾（Joubin）为他们的读者从世界各地的许多历史记载，文学参考文献和流行文化典故中汲取了灵感。这种知识的深度为文本带来了丰富的内容。Orkin和Joubin将本书分为三个部分：第一部分是关于种族文化概念的起源，另一部分是关于种族分类的科学理论化的开端。第二部分阐述了殖民主义和奴隶制对种族歧视产生了新的认识，以反对白人。第三部分定义了全球化，美国民权运动和流亡政治对当代种族知识生产的影响。伴随着强大的书目和小的但有用的词汇表，种族提供了对特定种族分类的洞察力，并展示了在整个西方文明史上如何在几种不同的语境中书写和重新编写对种族的语言和文化理解。

第一部分“解决种族束缚”着重介绍了从古希腊到中世纪欧洲的种族建设。的[尾页585]作者从以野蛮历史为基础的一章开始。本书的这一部分探讨了希腊野蛮主义的概念，以此来区别其政治和文化价值观与其他价值观。尽管该术语被用作自我定义的一种方法（通过在彼此之间形成对比），但在希腊化时期末期开始具有种族色彩。从这里，奥尔金和茹宾转向了早期的基督教教堂及其对穆斯林和犹太人的观念，从而标志了相貌和行为上的差异，这些差异将基督徒视为规范者，将其他人视为罪人。本章大量借鉴了古代文学文本，宗教文献，立法和司法实践，以此作为记录这些早期努力的标志，这些努力标志着其他人在种族和文化上与众不同。本节的第二章转向自然科学的论述以及对种族差异的科学证据的寻求。Orkin和Joubin借鉴了可追溯到14世纪中叶到19世纪中叶的观察，伪科学和实验，记录了这些研究被用来推动关于民族主义和移民的辩论的方式，这些辩论在20年代仍然存在。 -第一世纪。

《种族》的第二部分，题为“重铸种族的etter锁”，讨论了由于奴隶制和殖民主义的遗留而产生的种族重新配置。本章首先探讨了种族与美国法律体系之间的联系，从独立到批准《第十三修正案》，以及二十世纪种族隔离时期的南非法律。Orkin和Joubin大量引用了Alice Walker的《紫色》和JM Coetzee的《等待野蛮人》。用以阅读有关种族主义影响的文章。这些例子行之有效，尽管作者似乎会从二十世纪后期的文本中汲取灵感似乎令人惊讶，特别是在美国，该时期有如此多的文本可以用来讨论种族和合法性的有害影响。 。从那里，这本书描述了奴隶制如何与种族想象相交。Orkin和Joubin提供了英国奴隶贸易的详细历史，然后再对所罗门·诺瑟普（Solomon Northrup）的《奴隶十二年》和托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison）的《心爱的人》进行奴隶叙述的调查。

种族的最后一部分，“放松种族的羁绊”以一小段结尾，以一章的方式思考种族的定义与当代流亡，阶级和性别观念相交的方式。Orkin和Joubin探索了英国现代主义时期的流亡与移民。从那里开始，本章通过阅读大卫·亨利（David Henry）简要地检查了交叉性。