Exclamations, exclamatives and miratives are utterances that do not merely convey some informative content, but are designed to express the emotional attitude of surprise. In this paper I argue that analysing what it means to express surprise must be based on three main ideas: (1) the idea that exclamatives are instances of metarepresentational use; (2) the idea that what is communicated in exclamatives and exclamations are what relevance theorists call impressions, rather than definite propositions, where impressions are communicated by slightly increasing the manifestness of a whole range of propositions; and (3) the idea that utterances may not only communicate by conveying Gricean meaning, but also by showing, i.e. by providing direct evidence for certain thoughts. Thus, what is communicated in exclamatives and exclamations is typically not reducible to Gricean speaker meanings. I outline the implications of my approach by comparing it to some recent semantic accounts.

感叹号，感叹号和语不仅是传达一些有益的内容，而且还旨在表达惊讶的情感态度。在本文中，我认为分析惊喜表达的含义必须基于三个主要观点：（1）感叹词是元表征使用的实例；（2）感叹词和感叹词所传达的是相关理论家所说的印象，而不是确定的命题，在印象中通过稍微增加整个命题的表达来传达印象；（3）话语不仅可以通过传达格里科斯的含义进行交流，而且可以通过展示（即为某些思想提供直接证据）进行交流。因此，在感叹号和感叹号中传达的内容通常无法简化为格里西亚语的讲者含义。通过与一些最近的语义描述进行比较，我概述了我的方法的含义。