During the last decades, the bottom–up strategy of on-surface molecular reactions has been extensively investigated in order to fulfill controllable fabrication of covalent interlinking nanostructures/nanomaterials at atomic scale. A variety of organic reactions have been introduced to substrates, such as Ullmann coupling, Glaser coupling, cyclodehydrogenation and so on. In this paper, these on-surface molecular reactions will be reviewed from three aspects: the precursor, surface and external stimuli. Finally, a summary of past achievements and an outlook of future scientific challenges will be discussed.

中文翻译：

---

表面分子反应

在过去的几十年中，自下而上的表面分子反应策略得到了广泛的研究，以实现原子级共价互连纳米结构/纳米材料的可控制造。已将多种有机反应引入底物，如乌尔曼偶联、格拉泽偶联、环化脱氢等。本文将从前体、表面和外部刺激三个方面对这些表面分子反应进行综述。最后，将讨论过去成就的总结和未来科学挑战的展望。