Aims and Research Questions:

Codeswitching (CS) was investigated among English-Hebrew bilingual preschool children in a sentence repetition task focusing on switching at different points in prepositional phrases (PPs). We asked the extent to which sentence repetition accuracy differed (1) as a function of the switch site in the PP and (2) as a function of directionality, English-to-Hebrew versus Hebrew-to-English CS.

Design/Methodology:

English/first language (L1)-Hebrew/second language (L2), sequential bilingual children (N = 65), ages 5;5–6;5, participated. Thirty-six English and 36 Hebrew stimulus sentences were matched for semantic content and syntax. English stimulus sentences contained switches to Hebrew; Hebrew stimuli contained switches to English. Six ‘switch’ conditions were examined: a single codeswitched noun (N), a determiner–noun switch (DET+N), a codeswitched preposition (P), a preposition–determiner switch (P+DET), a switch of the entire PP (P+DET+N), and a no-switch condition.

Data and Analysis:

Audio recordings were transcribed and coded. Full sentence repetition was coded as correct/incorrect. The number of errors and the proportion of CS errors were computed. A 6 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance examined the effects of switch site within the PP and directionality (L1-to-L2 versus L2-to-L1).

Findings/Conclusions:

Accuracy was highest for the non-switched, N, and P+DET+N conditions. Accuracy was lowest for DET+N switches in English sentences, and for P switches in Hebrew sentences, and these two conditions showed the highest proportion of CS errors. The findings show evidence for a hierarchy of processing costs and directionality differences, which are interpreted in terms of contrastive typological features, particularly definiteness marking in the two languages, English by a free morpheme, and Hebrew by a bound clitic.

中文翻译：

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介词短语内的代码转换：转换位置和方向性的影响

目的和研究问题：

在英语-希伯来语双语学龄前儿童中，对一项句子重复任务中的代码转换（CS）进行了研究，重点是在介词短语（PPs）的不同点进行转换。我们询问了句子重复精度的差异程度（1）作为PP中切换位置的函数，以及（2）作为方向性（英语到希伯来语与希伯来语到英语CS）的函数。

设计/方法：

英语/第一语言（L1）-希伯来语/第二语言（L2），5; 5–6; 5岁的连续双语儿童（N = 65）。匹配了36个英语和36个希伯来语刺激句子的语义内容和语法。英语刺激句中包含切换到希伯来语的内容；希伯来语刺激包含切换到英语。研究了六个“转换”条件：单个代码转换名词（N），确定语-名词转换（DET + N），代码转换介词（P），介词-确定语转换（P + DET），整个转换PP（P + DET + N）和无切换条件。

数据与分析：

录音被转录和编码。完整的句子重复编码为正确/不正确。计算了错误的数量和CS错误的比例。对方差的6×2重复测量分析检查了PP中的开关位置和方向性（L1-to-L2与L2-to-L1）的影响。

结果/结论：

对于非切换，N和P + DET + N条件，精度最高。英文句子中的DET + N开关和希伯来语句子中的P开关的准确性最低，并且这两个条件显示CS误差的比例最高。研究结果显示了加工成本和方向差异的层次结构的证据，这些差异是根据对比的类型学特征来解释的，尤其是两种语言中的确定性标记，英语是自由语素，而希伯来语则是受约束的气候。