Empirical evidence links sensitive parenting behavior to positive developmental trajectories in children, whereas parental intrusiveness, in contrast, has been found to increase the risk of socio‐emotional problems in children of various ages. However, most studies investigating the effect of parenting behavior have been conducted with mothers. Thus, little is yet known about fathers’ role in child development and if mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors are linked to child socio‐emotional outcomes in similar or different ways. To date, findings are ambiguous, and this is why more studies are needed. The present study examined associations between mothers’ and fathers’ observed sensitivity and intrusiveness and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems as reported by parents and by children themselves. The sample compromised 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their preschool children. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed a negative association between fathers’ intrusiveness, at low levels, and children’s internalizing problems. This result was unexpected. However, in line with this finding, a number of recent studies suggest that when fathers challenge and push their children’s limits, it buffers against emotional problems such as anxiety. The present study highlights the importance of a continuous investigation into fathers’ potentially unique contribution to children’s socio‐emotional development. No other associations were identified between mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. Most likely, because this study was conducted with a low‐risk sample, where children were in general well‐functioning.

中文翻译：

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学龄前儿童的内化和外化问题：在资源丰富的样本中，母亲和父亲观察到的育儿行为的作用

经验证据将敏感的养育行为与儿童的积极发展轨迹联系起来，而相反，已发现父母的干预会增加不同年龄段儿童出现社会情绪问题的风险。然而，大多数调查育儿行为影响的研究都是针对母亲进行的。因此，关于父亲在儿童发展中的作用，以及母亲和父亲的养育行为是否以相似或不同的方式与儿童的社会情绪结果相关联，我们知之甚少。迄今为止，研究结果尚不明确，这就是需要更多研究的原因。本研究调查了父母和孩子自己报告的母亲和父亲观察到的敏感性和侵入性与孩子的内化和外化问题之间的关联。该样本涉及 52 位母亲、41 位父亲及其学龄前儿童。层次回归分析的结果表明，父亲的低水平侵入性与儿童的内化问题之间存在负相关。这个结果出乎意料。然而，与这一发现一致的是，最近的一些研究表明，当父亲挑战和推动孩子的极限时，它可以缓冲焦虑等情绪问题。本研究强调了对父亲对儿童社会情感发展的潜在独特贡献进行持续调查的重要性。在母亲和父亲的养育行为与儿童的内化和外化问题之间没有发现其他关联。最有可能的是，因为这项研究是用低风险样本进行的，