This publication carries out an in‐depth study of whiteness, various numerical evaluation methods that have been developed over the past 75 years, and review their application and deficiencies in the context of a new proposed Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) whiteness formula. The publication first introduces the basic principle of whiteness evaluation from the work of Judd and Selling around 1950, then that of Ganz in the 1970s and finally that of the CIE from 1969 to 1986. The defects of the Judd and Selling formulas became apparent with the use of fluorescent whitening agents. The CIE linear formula cannot predict an optimum for the optical whitening process. Hyperbolic formulas published are much too complicated and are unable to predict correctly the best conditions for that optical whitening. We present a new formula derived from that of the CIE, much simpler than the hyperbolic formulas, and able to predict an optimal shade in the optical whitening process. The formula takes into account the limitations of the white domain; when the blue saturation becomes too great, or when a tint deviation toward green or toward red is too noticeable. The formula gives results identical to those of the CIE formula when the materials are far from commercial whiteness limits. In addition, the formula can be very easily adapted to the CIELAB system and so, gives promising results.

中文翻译：

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白度评估：评论和新建议

该出版物对白度进行了深入的研究，在过去75年中开发了各种数值评估方法，并在新提议的国际照明委员会（CIE）白度公式的背景下回顾了它们的应用和不足。 。该出版物首先从Judd和Selling的工作中介绍了白度评估的基本原理，然后介绍了1970年代的Ganz以及1969年至1986年的CIE的白度评估的基本原理。使用荧光增白剂。CIE线性公式无法预测光学增白过程的最佳状态。发布的双曲公式过于复杂，无法正确预测光学增白的最佳条件。我们提出了一个从CIE派生的新公式，它比双曲线公式简单得多，并且能够预测光学增白过程中的最佳阴影。该公式考虑了白色域的局限性。当蓝色饱和度变得太大时，或者当偏向绿色或偏向红色的色调太明显时。当材料远未达到商业白度限制时，该公式给出的结果与CIE公式相同。此外，该公式很容易适应CIELAB系统，因此给出了可喜的结果。或当色调偏向绿色或偏向红色时过于明显。当材料远未达到商业白度限制时，该公式给出的结果与CIE公式相同。此外，该公式很容易适应CIELAB系统，因此给出了可喜的结果。或当色调偏向绿色或偏向红色时过于明显。当材料远未达到商业白度限制时，该公式给出的结果与CIE公式相同。此外，该公式很容易适应CIELAB系统，因此给出了可喜的结果。