Purpose

The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of tourism competitiveness over the years, ascertaining the state of the art and the degree of consensus among scholars on its constituent elements to propose an integrative and updated concept.

Design/methodology/approach

A set of 130 definitions on tourism competitiveness formulated between 1999–2018 was analyzed and segmented into three periods, allowing its historical evolution to be ascertained. It is a qualitative and quantitative exploratory research that uses a combination of techniques, namely, content analysis, analysis of co-words and consensus analysis.

Findings

The results indicated a low use of elements such as the quality of life and the environment in the authors' definitions during 1999–2018, although these elements were present in the first concept of tourism competitiveness by Crouch and Ritchie (1999, 2003). Another finding of this study shows a reduction in the analysis of tourism competitiveness based on the supply and demand side. Nowadays, the research tends to turn on the basis of the population directly affected. It also reveals the enrichment of the theoretical corpus with new lines of research arising and new groups of scholars of the subject, consequently a new frontier in tourism competitiveness.

Research limitations/implications

The authors recommend deepening the analysis in each category of conceptual elements of tourism competitiveness to identify the origins of the low consensus. The authors also suggest conducting further research on the largest invisible schools of thought on this subject to understand their relations and perspectives, and thus to advance in the theoretical streams of the field. Finally, it is imperative to develop research on new models and monitors of tourism competitiveness that meet its renewed concept and integrate dimensions to consider the perspective of supply, demand, tourists and residents, as well as not excluding the economic bias but including the social side.

Practical implications

Owing to the fact that monitors of tourism competitiveness have practically no variables related to the social, most of the surveys are carried out from the supply or demand perspective, leaving the resident distant from the process. In this way, the results allow authors to indicate that new models of competitiveness measurement should be formulated based on the vision of the community impacted by tourism, i.e. a new version of tourism competitiveness not based on productivity but rather on the social aspect.

Originality/value

The findings of this study contribute to the field literature by offering an integrative concept of tourism competitiveness based on the elements with a higher level of consensus among researchers. Furthermore, the results accentuate a worrying fact regarding the operationalization of this concept, as the theoretical basis is not expressed in the monitors of competitiveness. Thus, nor it is possible in the management of the tourism industry.

中文翻译：

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旅游竞争力的两个十年演变：共词分析

目的

本研究的目的是分析多年来旅游竞争力的演变，确定学者对其构成要素的最新水平和共识程度，以提出一个综合和更新的概念。

设计/方法/方法

分析了 1999-2018 年间制定的 130 条旅游竞争力定义，并将其划分为三个时期，从而确定其历史演变。它是一种定性和定量的探索性研究，结合了内容分析、共词分析和共识分析等技术。

发现

结果表明，作者在 1999-2018 年的定义中很少使用生活质量和环境等要素，尽管这些要素出现在 Crouch 和 Ritchie（1999 年，2003 年）的第一个旅游竞争力概念中。本研究的另一个发现表明，基于供需方的旅游竞争力分析有所减少。如今，研究倾向于以直接受影响的人口为基础。它还揭示了理论语料库的丰富，新的研究方向和新的学科学者群体的出现，从而开辟了旅游竞争力的新前沿。

研究限制/影响

作者建议深化对旅游竞争力的每个概念要素类别的分析，以确定低共识的根源。作者还建议对该主题最大的隐形思想流派进行进一步研究，以了解它们的关系和观点，从而推进该领域的理论流。最后，必须研究符合其更新理念、整合维度的旅游竞争力新模型和监测器，从供给、需求、游客和居民的角度考虑，不排除经济偏见，但包括社会方面。 .

实际影响

由于旅游竞争力的监测实际上没有与社会相关的变量，大多数调查是从供需角度进行的，居民远离这个过程。通过这种方式，结果允许作者指出，应根据受旅游业影响的社区的愿景来制定新的竞争力衡量模型，即不基于生产力而是基于社会方面的旅游竞争力的新版本。

原创性/价值

本研究的结果通过提供基于研究人员具有更高水平共识的要素的旅游竞争力的综合概念，为领域文献做出了贡献。此外，结果强调了关于这一概念的可操作性的一个令人担忧的事实，因为理论基础并未在竞争力监测中得到表达。因此，在旅游业的管理上也是不可能的。