This study investigates determinants and risk-taking behaviour of outsourcing innovation decision as well as the intensity in Vietnam. Outsourcing decision consists of an exclusive make (Make), buy (Pure) or a combination of both internal and external knowledge acquisition (Hybrid) in the innovation strategies. We also define outsourcing innovation intensity as the proportion of costs used for outsourcing innovation. We distinguish these outsourcing strategies in relation to product and process innovation. Based on the unique survey data in Vietnam available in 2016, we highlight the importance of the firm-specific factors such as R&D intensity, exporting status, and share of qualified employees dedicated to R&D activities; the firms’ obstacles and objectives for innovation; and the information sources of innovation on the outsourcing innovation decision and intensity. The other striking finding is that outsourcing innovation is risk-taking behaviour, but outsourcing product innovation strategy is a less risky option as compared to the outsourcing process innovation in the case of Vietnamese enterprises.

中文翻译：

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越南外包创新决策和强度的决定因素和冒险行为：制造、纯粹还是混合？

本研究调查了越南外包创新决策的决定因素和冒险行为以及强度。外包决策包括创新战略中的独家制造（Make）、购买（Pure）或内部和外部知识获取（Hybrid）的组合。我们还将外包创新强度定义为用于外包创新的成本比例。我们将这些外包策略与产品和流程创新区分开来。根据 2016 年越南的独特调查数据，我们强调了公司特定因素的重要性，例如研发强度、出口状况和致力于研发活动的合格员工的份额；公司的创新障碍和目标；以及外包创新决策和创新强度的创新信息来源。另一个引人注目的发现是，外包创新是冒险行为，但与越南企业的外包流程创新相比，外包产品创新战略风险较小。