This article explores the identification patterns of South American immigrants to the United States, as measured via Hispanic/Latino ethnicity and ancestry reporting on the US Census. Using data from the 2006–2010 and 2011–2015 American Community Survey, my analysis reveals four main findings. First, I show significant heterogeneity in identity patterns and in sociodemographic, immigration, and geographic characteristics between South American and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Second, I find that Southern Cone immigrants opt not to report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity and “birth-country” ancestry (ancestry that is concordant with birth country, such as Colombian or Chilean) to a greater extent than Andean immigrants and, instead, report more distal “ancestral-origin” ancestries (i.e., Spanish, Japanese, etc.). Third, I show that those immigrants who do report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity are more likely to report “birth-country” ancestry than “ancestral-origin” ancestry, net of other factors. Finally, my analysis demonstrates that Brazilian immigrants chart a different path of identification among South American immigrants and almost unanimously do not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity while overwhelmingly reporting “Brazilian” ancestry. Taken together, variation in Hispanic/Latino ethnicity and ancestry reporting across South American immigrant groups has implications for their incorporation into US society, as well as for the degree to which these immigrants see themselves as racialized actors in the United States. Some South American immigrant groups (Southern Cone immigrants) appear to be incorporating as “New White ethnics,” and others (Andean immigrants) appear to be incorporating as “New Latinos.” Researchers of international migration should carefully consider these identification differences and their implications for the measurement and study of “Hispanic/Latino” immigrants and their descendants in the United States.

本文探讨了南美移民到美国的识别模式，通过美国人口普查中的西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族和血统报告来衡量。使用 2006-2010 年和 2011-2015 年美国社区调查的数据，我的分析揭示了四个主要发现。首先，我展示了美国南美和墨西哥移民在身份模式和社会人口、移民和地理特征方面的显着异质性。其次，我发现与安第斯移民相比，南锥体移民选择不报告西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族和“出生国”血统（与出生国一致的血统，例如哥伦比亚或智利），而是报告更远的“祖先起源”血统（即西班牙，日本等）。第三，我表明，那些确实报告西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族的移民更有可能报告“出生国”血统而不是“祖籍”血统，不考虑其他因素。最后，我的分析表明，巴西移民在南美移民中描绘了不同的身份认同路径，几乎一致不报告西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族，而绝大多数报告“巴西”血统。总而言之，南美移民群体中西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族和血统报告的差异对他们融入美国社会以及这些移民将自己视为美国种族化行为者的程度产生了影响。一些南美移民群体（Southern Cone 移民）似乎正在融入“新白人种族，”和其他人（安第斯移民）似乎正在合并为“新拉丁裔”。国际移民研究人员应仔细考虑这些身份差异及其对“西班牙裔/拉丁裔”移民及其在美国的后代的测量和研究的影响。