Abstract

The buyer’s right to request replacement of any non-conforming goods is today a standard remedy in many jurisdictions. This development was also influenced by the widespread effect of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Council Directive (EC) 1999/44 on consumer sales, which both grant the buyer a right to replacement. However, some questions related to the requirement that replacement has to be ‘free of charge’ continue to be disputed under both legal systems, as well as under the newly introduced Council Directive (EC) 2019/22 on consumer sales. This article intends to discuss how the term ‘free of charge’ is being interpreted in business-to-business as well as in business-to-consumer sales contracts and whether there is any need to differentiate between the two types of sales contracts.

中文翻译：

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“免费”更换不合格品：是否需要区分B2B和B2C销售合同？

摘要

如今，买方要求更换任何不合格品的权利是许多司法管辖区的一种标准补救措施。这一发展还受到《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（CISG）和理事会指令（EC）1999/44对消费者销售的广泛影响的影响，它们都授予买方更换的权利。但是，在两个法律体系以及新近推出的关于消费者销售的理事会指令（EC）2019/22中，与要求必须``免费''更换的要求有关的一些问题仍然存在争议。本文旨在讨论在企业对企业以及企业对消费者的销售合同中如何解释“免费”一词，以及是否有必要区分两种类型的销售合同。