The operation of military courts is clearly allowed for and, in some cases, mandated by international humanitarian law (IHL). Nevertheless, the use of military courts has been one of the most controversial and hotly debated areas of human rights. Despite the ostensibly exclusive military domain, many human rights bodies have registered significant scepticism towards this type of justice. Consequently, they have sought actively to regulate this ‘IHL space’ with scant attention to the requirements of IHL itself. The article examines comments, case law, draft rules and other measures taken by two human rights frameworks: the United Nations Human Rights Council and the African Commission on Human and People's Rights. It will analyse how, since 2000, these bodies have approached the issue of IHL when assessing the legitimacy and operation of military courts. For instance, do they consider IHL as a source of law guiding their efforts and rely on IHL instruments? How do they resolve conflicts between IHL and international human rights law? Additionally, the article will consider the validity, legality and effectiveness of these efforts. It concludes that, in reviewing military courts, there exists significant neglect of IHL in human rights frameworks. Through overlooking IHL or relegating it to a sub-specialty of international human rights law, these bodies not only ignore applicable law, they deprive themselves of the wealth of expertise found in commentary, debate, jurisprudence and practice in the IHL sphere. Instead, integrating IHL analysis and theory and affording it its appropriate respect within relevant human rights discussions will allow for greater legal and policy coherence, and human rights bodies will be better placed to fulfil their mandates.

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Lex Generalis Derogat Legi Speciali：国际人道法在武装冲突局势中运作的军事法庭的人权监管

军事法庭的运作显然是允许的，并且在某些情况下是国际人道法 (IHL) 规定的。然而，军事法庭的使用一直是最有争议和争论最激烈的人权领域之一。尽管表面上是专属的军事领域，但许多人权机构对这种司法表示严重怀疑。因此，他们积极寻求规范这一“国际人道法空间”，而很少关注国际人道法本身的要求。本文审查了联合国人权理事会和非洲人权和人民权利委员会这两个人权框架采取的评论、判例法、规则草案和其他措施。它将分析自 2000 年以来，这些机构在评估军事法庭的合法性和运作时已经处理了国际人道法问题。例如，他们是否将国际人道法视为指导其工作的法律渊源并依赖于国际人道法文书？他们如何解决国际人道法与国际人权法之间的冲突？此外，本文将考虑这些努力的有效性、合法性和有效性。它的结论是，在审查军事法庭时，人权框架中存在着对国际人道法的严重忽视。通过忽视国际人道法或将其归为国际人权法的一个子专业，这些机构不仅忽视了适用的法律，而且剥夺了国际人道法领域的评论、辩论、判例和实践中的丰富专业知识。反而，