This article offers a sensitive reading of oppositional political cartoons in Togo in the early 1990s, during the period of structural adjustment, which was accompanied by the swift reversal of democratizing trends and the restoration of authoritarian rule. Togolese satirists perceived this moment as a moment of “fraudonomics”, thus contesting rampant corruption and clientelism in politics. They poked fun at the president, local politicians, businesspeople, and bureaucrats of the international institutions. The article begins by examining the making of satirical newspapers with a focus on the biographies of the satirists. As students, they started out on the adventure of publication with their own money and learned most of their drawing and printing techniques as work progressed. Secondly, an analysis of the readership shows that, although the satirical newspapers were a crucial element of the media in the early 1990s, it was mostly an elitist and urban phenomenon. The third section analyses the changing visual repertoire of contention through in-depth analysis of four selected caricatures.

中文翻译：

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“欺诈经济学”：反对多哥结构调整的漫画

本文提供了对 1990 年代初期多哥反对派政治漫画的敏感解读，在结构调整期间，伴随着民主化趋势的迅速逆转和威权统治的恢复。多哥讽刺作家认为这一时刻是“欺诈经济学”的时刻，因此对政治中猖獗的腐败和依附主义提出质疑。他们取笑总统、当地政客、商人和国际机构的官僚。本文首先考察讽刺报纸的制作，重点关注讽刺作家的传记。作为学生，他们用自己的钱开始了出版的冒险，随着工作的进展，他们学会了大部分的绘画和印刷技术。其次，对读者群的分析表明，尽管讽刺性报纸是 1990 年代初期媒体的重要组成部分，但它主要是一种精英主义和城市现象。第三部分通过对四部选定漫画的深入分析，分析了不断变化的视觉争议曲目。