A populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the Liberal International Order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the number of available jobs and the wages of industrial workers since at least the 1970s. The decline in manufacturing employment initiated the deterioration of social and economic conditions in affected communities, exacerbating inequalities between depressed rural areas and small cities and towns, on the one hand, and thriving cities, on the other. The global financial crisis of 2008 catalyzed these divisions, as communities already in decline suffered deeper and longer economic downturns than metropolitan areas, where superstar knowledge, technology, and service-oriented firms agglomerate. We document many of these trends across the United States and Europe, and demonstrate that populist support is strongest in communities that experienced long-term economic and social decline. Institutional differences in labor markets and electoral rules across developed democracies may explain some of the variation in populists’ electoral success. Renewed support for the Liberal International Order may require a rejuvenation of distressed communities and a reduction of stark regional inequalities.

中文翻译：

---

民粹主义到位：全球化反弹的经济地理

民粹主义对全球化的强烈反对催生了民族主义政府，并挑战了自由国际秩序的核心特征。尽管范围和紧迫性令人吃惊，但一段时间以来，民粹主义浪潮在富裕国家的衰退地区一直在发展。至少自 1970 年代以来，贸易、离岸外包和自动化一直在稳步减少可用工作的数量和产业工人的工资。制造业就业的下降导致受影响社区的社会和经济状况恶化，一方面加剧了萧条的农村地区和小城镇之间的不平等，另一方面也加剧了繁荣的城市之间的不平等。2008 年的全球金融危机催生了这些分裂，因为已经处于衰退中的社区比大都市地区遭受了更深、更长时间的经济衰退，超级明星知识、技术和服务型公司聚集的地方。我们记录了美国和欧洲的许多此类趋势，并证明民粹主义支持在经历了长期经济和社会衰退的社区中最为强大。发达民主国家之间劳动力市场和选举规则的制度差异可能解释了民粹主义者选举成功的一些差异。重新支持自由国际秩序可能需要让陷入困境的社区恢复活力并减少严重的地区不平等。发达民主国家之间劳动力市场和选举规则的制度差异可能解释了民粹主义者选举成功的一些差异。重新支持自由国际秩序可能需要让陷入困境的社区恢复活力并减少严重的地区不平等。发达民主国家之间劳动力市场和选举规则的制度差异可能解释了民粹主义者选举成功的一些差异。重新支持自由国际秩序可能需要让陷入困境的社区恢复活力并减少严重的地区不平等。