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Cultural Genocide and Restitution: The Early Wave of Jewish Cultural Restitution in the Aftermath of World War II
International Journal of Cultural Property Pub Date : 2020-11-19 , DOI: 10.1017/s0940739120000235
Leora Bilsky

Cultural restitution in international law typically aims to restore cultural property to the state of origin. The experience of World War II raised the question of how to adapt this framework to deal with states that persecuted cultural groups within their own borders. Nazi Germany’s persecution of Jews and its attempt to destroy their cultural heritage began before the war and was carried out systematically throughout the war in the conquered territories. After the war, the Polish Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin advocated for the recognition of the new crime of genocide and, in particular, its cultural dimensions. Jewish organizations also argued that cultural destruction should be seen as an integral component of the crime of genocide and that the remedy of cultural restitution should be part of the effort to rehabilitate the injured group, but their efforts to gain recognition in the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg for the unique harm suffered by the Jews were unsuccessful. This article discusses an innovative approach developed by Jewish jurists and scholars in the late 1940s and 1950s, according to which heirless cultural property was returned to Jewish organizations as trustees for the Jewish people. Though largely forgotten in the annals of law, this approach offers a promising model for international law to overcome its statist bias and recognize the critical importance of cultural heritage for the rehabilitation of (non-state) victim groups.

中文翻译:

文化灭绝与归还:二战后犹太文化归还的早期浪潮

国际法中的文化归还通常旨在将文化财产恢复到原产国。第二次世界大战的经验提出了如何调整这一框架以应对在其境内迫害文化群体的国家的问题。纳粹德国对犹太人的迫害和破坏他们文化遗产的企图始于战前,并在整个战争期间在被征服的领土上系统地进行。战后,波兰犹太律师拉斐尔·莱姆金(Raphael Lemkin)主张承认新的种族灭绝罪,特别是其文化层面。犹太组织还认为,文化破坏应该被视为种族灭绝罪的一个组成部分,文化归还的补救措施应该是恢复受害群体的努力的一部分,但他们试图在纽伦堡国际军事法庭上因犹太人遭受的独特伤害而获得承认的努力没有成功。本文讨论了 1940 年代后期和 1950 年代犹太法学家和学者开发的一种创新方法,根据该方法,没有继承人的文化财产作为犹太人的受托人归还给犹太组织。尽管在法律编年史中大部分被遗忘,但这种方法为国际法提供了一个有希望的模式,以克服其国家主义偏见并承认文化遗产对(非国家)受害者群体康复的至关重要性。本文讨论了 1940 年代后期和 1950 年代犹太法学家和学者开发的一种创新方法,根据该方法,没有继承人的文化财产作为犹太人的受托人归还给犹太组织。尽管在法律编年史中大部分被遗忘,但这种方法为国际法提供了一个有希望的模式,以克服其国家主义偏见并承认文化遗产对(非国家)受害者群体康复的至关重要性。本文讨论了 1940 年代后期和 1950 年代犹太法学家和学者开发的一种创新方法,根据该方法,没有继承人的文化财产作为犹太人的受托人归还给犹太组织。尽管在法律编年史中大部分被遗忘,但这种方法为国际法提供了一个有希望的模式,以克服其国家主义偏见并承认文化遗产对(非国家)受害者群体康复的至关重要性。
更新日期:2020-11-19
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