Team semantics is a highly general framework for logics which describe dependencies and independencies among variables. Typically, the (in)dependencies considered in this context are properties of sets of configurations or data records. We show how team semantics can be further generalized to support languages for the discussion of interventionist counterfactuals and causal dependencies, such as those that arise in manipulationist theories of causation (Pearl, Hitchcock, Woodward, among others). We show that the “causal teams” we introduce in the present paper can be used for modelling some classical counterfactual scenarios which are not captured by the usual causal models. We then analyse the basic properties of our counterfactual languages and discuss extensively the differences with respect to the Lewisian tradition.

团队语义是用于描述变量之间的依赖性和独立性的逻辑的高度通用的框架。通常，在此上下文中考虑的（非）依赖关系是配置或数据记录集的属性。我们展示了如何进一步概括团队语义，以支持语言来讨论干预主义的反事实和因果关系，例如在因果关系的操纵主义理论中出现的那些（Pearl，Hitchcock，Woodward等）。我们表明，我们在本文中介绍的“因果团队”可用于对一些经典的反事实情节进行建模，而通常的因果模型无法捕获这些反事实情节。然后，我们分析了反事实语言的基本属性，并广泛讨论了路易斯理论的不同之处。