Diagenesis is the collective word for the physical, biological, and chemical processes that bones undergo in the post-mortem period, until their physical destruction or fossilization. In forensic anthropology, the analysis of macroscopic and microscopic bone alterations, alongside the taphonomy of the soft tissues of a body, has proven valuable for the estimation of the time-of-death, or Post-Mortem Interval (PMI), of skeletonized individuals. To date, bone alterations have been mostly researched in terrestrial settings, such as exposed or buried skeletal remains, but here the scientific literature regarding human bones submerged underwater has been reviewed. It features 20 publications in the last 42 years, of which 9 are reviews, 8 are studies on ancient material and 3 are experimental studies. Future research on analysis of microscopic diagenetic parameters of submerged bones, together with the refinement of the correlation with time of the slightly better known macroscopic underwater alterations, will prove valuable for the estimation of a Post-Mortem Submersion Interval (PMSI) in both forensic and archaeological contexts, because bones have always been and still are regularly recovered underwater. The concurrent estimation of both PMI and PMSI of bones recovered underwater will add vital information to criminal investigations. Diagenetic parameters have been identified in Histological Index, protein content, porosity and crystallinity of bioapatite. They are depicted with the analytic techniques currently available to assess their presence and magnitude, and to relate them to the diagenetic processes of bioerosion, abrasion, and encrustation, but also to the extremes of dissolution or fossilization.

中文翻译：

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水下考古中人类骨骼的埋藏学和成岩作用：现状回顾和尸检淹没间隔 (PMSI) 作为潜在法医应用的建议

成岩作用是骨骼在死后时期经历的物理、生物和化学过程的总称，直到它们的物理破坏或化石化。在法医人类学中，对宏观和微观骨骼变化的分析，以及身体软组织的埋藏学，已被证明对于估计骨骼化个体的死亡时间或尸检间隔 (PMI) 很有价值. 迄今为止，骨骼改变主要在陆地环境中进行研究，例如暴露或掩埋的骨骼遗骸，但这里已经审查了有关淹没在水下的人类骨骼的科学文献。它在过去42年中发表了20篇论文，其中9篇是评论，8篇是古代材料研究，3篇是实验研究。未来对水下骨骼微观成岩参数分析的研究，以及对稍微知名的宏观水下蚀变与时间的相关性的改进，将证明对法医和法医中的死后淹没间隔 (PMSI) 的估计是有价值的。考古背景，因为骨头一直并且仍然经常在水下被发现。同时估计在水下回收的骨骼的 PMI 和 PMSI 将为刑事调查增加重要信息。已在生物磷灰石的组织学指数、蛋白质含量、孔隙度和结晶度中确定了成岩参数。它们用目前可用的分析技术来描述，以评估它们的存在和大小，并将它们与生物侵蚀、磨损、