Representations may have descriptive content, directive content, or both, but little explicit attention has been given to the problem of distinguishing representations of these three kinds. We do not know, for instance, what determines whether a given representation is a directive instructing its consumer to perform some action or has descriptive content to the effect that the action in question has a certain value. This paper considers what it takes for a representation to have directive content. The first part of the paper presents the Liberal View, which might be taken to be the default position on this issue. The Liberal View has some attractions, but as the second part shows, these are less conclusive than they might at first appear, and there is much to be said for an alternative, the Strict View.

中文翻译：

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指令内容

表示可能具有描述性内容，指示性内容或同时具有这两种内容，但是对于区分这三种类型的表示的问题，鲜有明确的关注。例如，我们不知道是什么决定给定表示形式是指示其使用者执行某些操作的指令还是具有描述性内容，以致所讨论的操作具有一定的价值。本文考虑了具有指令内容的表示形式需要采取的措施。本文的第一部分介绍了自由主义观点，该观点可能被视为该问题的默认立场。自由主义观点有一些吸引力，但是如第二部分所示，这些吸引力的不确定性远不及最初出现的吸引力，对于严格的观点来说，还有很多可以说的。