In the 1848–1867 period, the Habsburg Monarchy was shaken by the first waves of nationalism. Yet in the case of the Habsburg port cities of Fiume/Rijeka and Trieste, contended by several different opponents, Italian and Croatian nationalisms had to face centuries‐long traditions of municipal autonomy. In both cities, municipalism and attachment to the House of Habsburg were particularly strong and were coupled with local urban identities that defied national forms of identifications, insofar as they were ethnically and linguistically hybrid. Nationalist activists sought to exploit ethnic and linguistic elements as markers of defined national identities, yet without widespread success. The final demise of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918 has been generally taken as proof of the cogency of nationalist discourse, especially the Italian, in the region. However, the northern Adriatic rim points to the forcefulness of Habsburg multinationalism and the existence of ethnic hybridity, which provided effective bulwarks against nationalisms for decades.

中文翻译：

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哈布斯堡王朝外围国家的不确定性：菲乌梅/里耶卡和的里雅斯特的民族主义与多民族认同，1848–1867年

在1848年至1867年期间，哈布斯堡君主制被第一波民族主义动摇。然而，在哈布斯堡王朝的港口城市菲乌梅/里耶卡和的里雅斯特，受到几个反对者的反对，意大利和克罗地亚的民族主义不得不面对数百年来市政自治的传统。在这两个城市中，市政主义和对哈布斯堡王朝的依附感特别强，并且在种族和语言上混合存在的地方城市身份与民族形式的身份认同背道而驰。民族主义者的激进主义者试图利用种族和语言因素作为确定的民族身份的标志，但并未取得广泛的成功。人们普遍认为，1918年哈布斯堡王朝的最后灭亡是该地区民族主义话语，尤其是意大利人话语权的证明。