Although it is well-established that female participation in study abroad programmes is higher than the male participation, less is known about how this gap has changed over time. Using student-level data from the nationally representative surveys of three European countries (France, Germany and Italy), this paper begins by examining changes in the relationship between gender and participation in study abroad programmes between the beginning of the 2000s and the mid-2010s. It then explores to what extent these changes can be explained by different characteristics of men and women. The results suggest that in none of the countries there is evidence of a systematic decline over time in women's over-representation in study abroad programmes. However, the size of the gap is consistently significantly reduced (or even the sign of the gap reversed) once gender differences in observable traits are accounted for. Field of study and academic performance are important factors contributing to the gender disparity in study abroad.

中文翻译：

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留学性别差距的变化：欧洲跨国分析

虽然众所周知，女性参与出国留学项目的比例高于男性，但人们对这种差距如何随着时间的推移而发生变化知之甚少。本文使用来自三个欧洲国家（法国、德国和意大利）的全国代表性调查的学生水平数据，首先研究了 2000 年代初至 2010 年代中期性别与参与出国留学项目之间关系的变化. 然后探讨了男性和女性的不同特征在多大程度上可以解释这些变化。结果表明，在任何一个国家，都没有证据表明随着时间的推移，女性在海外留学项目中的比例过高会出现系统性下降。然而，一旦考虑到可观察特征的性别差异，差距的大小就会持续显着缩小（甚至差距的迹象会逆转）。学习领域和学业成绩是导致出国留学性别差异的重要因素。