The Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship is defined as an inverted‐U association between income and pollution. However, it remains a hypothesis since the empirical evidence is mixed. A key limitation in previous studies is that they ignore the endogenous relationship between income and pollution. To address this issue, a dynamic system generalised method of moments (GMM) was utilised with a large sample of countries and a long time series. After controlling for country‐specific fixed effects, the dynamic feedback between income and environmental damage, and several controls, we find support for the EKC hypothesis in our sample.

中文翻译：

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Carbon Kuznets曲线：面板数据的动态经验方法

环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）关系定义为收入与污染之间的倒U型关联。但是，由于经验证据不一，它仍然是一个假设。先前研究的一个关键限制是它们忽略了收入与污染之间的内生关系。为了解决这个问题，使用了动态系统广义矩量法（GMM），其中包含大量国家/地区和较长的时间序列。在控制了特定于国家的固定效应，收入与环境损害之间的动态反馈以及几种控制措施之后，我们在样本中发现了对EKC假设的支持。