Return migrants bring the prospects of an entrepreneurship gain to their country of origin. In this paper the key determinants of returnees becoming entrepreneurs in Albania are investigated. The survey data utilized enables returnees’ characteristics before their migration, during their stay abroad, and after returning to be assessed as facilitators of entrepreneurship. There is evidence of significant entrepreneurial gain among Albanian returnees. The incidence of self-employment after return was 2–3 times higher than it had been before migration and was nearly 15 times higher than the percentage of self-employed in the Albanian labor force as a whole. However, the analysis suggests that self-employment is a poor proxy for entrepreneurship among returnees. There is a need to distinguish between the planned/opportunity self-employed (the entrepreneurs) and the unintended/necessity self-employed, the latter largely becoming self-employed as a means of addressing economic hardship. We find that women, those trained during migration and returnees who remitted more per year, were more likely to become entrepreneurs after returning, whereas men, those in self-employment before leaving, those spending more time abroad, those who were forced to return, migrants who returned back to their place of birth and residence, and those who returned from Greece, were more likely to be self-employed.

中文翻译：

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阿尔巴尼亚的返回移民：“创业收益”的决定因素

返回的移民为他们的原籍国带来了创业收益的前景。本文研究了海归成为阿尔巴尼亚企业家的关键决定因素。所利用的调查数据使海归在移民前、在国外逗留期间和回国后的特征能够被评估为创业的推动者。有证据表明阿尔巴尼亚海归者在创业方面取得了显着收益。返回后自雇的发生率比移民前高 2-3 倍，比阿尔巴尼亚劳动力整体自雇的百分比高出近 15 倍。然而，分析表明，自营职业并不能代表海归的创业精神。有必要区分计划/机会自雇人士（企业家）和无意/必要自雇人士，后者在很大程度上成为自雇人士，作为解决经济困难的一种手段。我们发现，在移民期间接受过培训的女性和每年汇出更多的海归，在回国后更有可能成为企业家，而男性，在离开前从事自营职业，在国外呆的时间更长，被迫回国的人，返回出生地和居住地的移民以及从希腊返回的移民更有可能成为自雇人士。