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Alkalinity Production Coupled to Pyrite Formation Represents an Unaccounted Blue Carbon Sink
Global Biogeochemical Cycles ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-11 , DOI: 10.1029/2020gb006785
Gloria M. S. Reithmaier 1 , Scott G. Johnston 1 , Tobias Junginger 2 , Madeline M. Goddard 3 , Christian J. Sanders 4 , Lindsay B. Hutley 3 , David T. Ho 5 , Damien T. Maher 1, 6
Affiliation  

Blue carbon ecosystems, including mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses, mitigate climate change by storing atmospheric carbon. Previous blue carbon research has focused on organic carbon stocks. However, recent studies suggest that lateral inorganic carbon export might be equally important. Lateral export is a long‐term carbon sink if carbon is exported as alkalinity (TAlk) produced via sulfate reduction coupled to pyrite formation. This study evaluates drivers of pyrite formation in blue carbon ecosystems, compares pyrite production to TAlk outwelling rates, and estimates global pyrite stocks in mangroves. We quantified pyrite stocks in mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses along a latitudinal gradient on the Australian East Coast, including a mangrove dieback area, and in the Everglades (Florida, USA). Our results indicate that pyrite stocks were driven by a combination of biomass, tidal amplitude, sediment organic carbon, sediment accumulation rates, rainfall, latitude, temperature, and iron availability. Pyrite stocks were three‐times higher in mangroves (103 ± 61 Mg/ha) than in saltmarshes (30 ± 30 Mg/ha) and seagrasses (32 ± 1 Mg/ha). Mangrove pyrite stocks were linearly correlated to TAlk export at sites where sulfate reduction was the dominant TAlk producing process. However, pyrite generation could not explain all TAlk outwelling. We present the first global model estimating pyrite stocks in mangroves, giving a first‐order estimate of 197 Mg/ha (RMSE = 24 Mg/ha). In mangroves, estimated global TAlk production coupled to pyrite formation (∼3 mol/m2/y) is equal to ∼24% of their global carbon burial rate, highlighting the importance of including TAlk export in future blue carbon budgets.

中文翻译:

碱度生产与黄铁矿形成耦合代表了无法解释的蓝色碳汇

包括红树林,盐沼和海草在内的蓝碳生态系统通过存储大气中的碳来缓解气候变化。先前的蓝碳研究主要集中在有机碳储量上。但是,最近的研究表明,横向无机碳出口可能同样重要。如果碳以通过硫酸盐还原和黄铁矿形成而产生的碱度(TAlk)的形式出口,则横向出口是长期的碳汇。这项研究评估了蓝碳生态系统中黄铁矿形成的驱动力,将黄铁矿的产量与TAlk外迁比率进行了比较,并估算了红树林中全球黄铁矿的储量。我们对澳大利亚东海岸(包括红树林枯竭地区)和大沼泽地(美国佛罗里达州)沿纬度梯度的红树林,盐沼和海草中的黄铁矿储量进行了量化。我们的结果表明,黄铁矿储量是由生物量,潮汐幅度,沉积物有机碳,沉积物积累速率,降雨,纬度,温度和铁的可用性共同驱动的。红树林(103±61 Mg / ha)的硫铁矿储量是盐沼(30±30 Mg / ha)和海草(32±1 Mg / ha)的三倍。在硫酸盐还原是主要的TAlk生产过程中,红树林的黄铁矿储量与TAlk出口呈线性相关。但是,黄铁矿的产生不能解释所有TAlk的外溢。我们提出了第一个估计红树林中黄铁矿储量的全球模型,给出的一级估计为197 Mg / ha(RMSE = 24 Mg / ha)。在红树林中,估计的全球TAlk产量与黄铁矿形成有关(〜3 mol / m 沉积物积累速率,降雨,纬度,温度和铁的有效性。红树林(103±61 Mg / ha)的硫铁矿储量是盐沼(30±30 Mg / ha)和海草(32±1 Mg / ha)的三倍。在硫酸盐还原是主要的TAlk生产过程中,红树林的黄铁矿储量与TAlk出口呈线性相关。但是,黄铁矿的产生不能解释所有TAlk的外溢。我们提出了第一个估计红树林中黄铁矿储量的全球模型,给出的一级估计为197 Mg / ha(RMSE = 24 Mg / ha)。在红树林中,估计的全球TAlk产量与黄铁矿形成有关(〜3 mol / m 沉积物积累速率,降雨,纬度,温度和铁的有效性。红树林(103±61 Mg / ha)的硫铁矿储量是盐沼(30±30 Mg / ha)和海草(32±1 Mg / ha)的三倍。在硫酸盐还原是主要的TAlk生产过程中,红树林的黄铁矿储量与TAlk出口呈线性相关。但是,黄铁矿的产生不能解释所有TAlk的外溢。我们提出了第一个估计红树林中黄铁矿储量的全球模型,给出的一级估计为197 Mg / ha(RMSE = 24 Mg / ha)。在红树林中,估计的全球TAlk产量与黄铁矿形成有关(〜3 mol / m 在硫酸盐还原是主要的TAlk生产过程中,红树林的黄铁矿储量与TAlk出口呈线性相关。但是,黄铁矿的产生不能解释所有TAlk的外溢。我们提出了第一个估计红树林中黄铁矿储量的全球模型,给出的一级估计为197 Mg / ha(RMSE = 24 Mg / ha)。在红树林中,估计的全球TAlk产量与黄铁矿形成有关(〜3 mol / m 在硫酸盐还原是主要的TAlk生产过程中,红树林的黄铁矿储量与TAlk出口呈线性相关。但是,黄铁矿的产生不能解释所有TAlk的外溢。我们提出了第一个估计红树林中黄铁矿储量的全球模型,给出的一级估计为197 Mg / ha(RMSE = 24 Mg / ha)。在红树林中,估计的全球TAlk产量与黄铁矿形成有关(〜3 mol / m2 / y)等于其全球碳埋葬率的〜24%,突显了将TAlk出口纳入未来的蓝色碳预算的重要性。
更新日期:2021-04-09
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