Context

Development and survival vary across a species’ geographic range and are also affected by local conditions like urban warming, which may drive changes in biology that magnify or reduce the risks of hazardous organisms to people. Larvae of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff; PPM) are covered with setae (hair-like structures) that cause allergic reactions in warm-blooded vertebrates upon contact with the skin, eyes, or respiratory tract.

Objectives

Our objective was to determine whether PPM larva development, phenology, and survival change with urban warming in ways that affect the risks of this organism to people.

Methods

In Orléans, France, we conducted a field study of PPM larvae across a gradient of urbanization from forests to city center to measure winter survival and the timing and duration of the life stage that poses the greatest risk to people.

Results

Larvae in the city spent more time in the fifth, most dangerous, instar than larvae in the forest. Urban warming indirectly increased larva survival by advancing phenology of urban larvae to a more cold-tolerant life stage prior to the winter cold period. Our results indicate that local urban warming drives changes in larva biology that increase the risks the organisms pose to people.

Conclusions

In recent decades, the PPM has expanded its geographic range to higher latitudes with rising temperatures. Our study highlights that local landscape variation, such as a mosaic of warmer and cooler temperatures in cities, can alter the effects of this type of range expansion for people.

中文翻译：

---

随城市变暖，侵入性毛毛虫对人类健康的风险增加

语境

在一个物种的地理范围内，其发展和生存情况各不相同，还受到诸如城市变暖等当地条件的影响，这可能会推动生物学变化，从而扩大或减少有害生物对人类的危害。松果蛾的幼虫（Phaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff； PPM）被刚毛（毛状结构）覆盖，当接触皮肤，眼睛或呼吸道时，它们会在温血脊椎动物中引起过敏反应。

目标

我们的目标是确定PPM幼虫的发育，物候和生存情况是否随着城市变暖而发生变化，从而影响该生物对人类的危害。

方法

在法国的奥尔良，我们进行了从森林到市中心的城市化发展过程中PPM幼虫的野外研究，以测量冬季生存以及对人类构成最大风险的生命周期和生存时间。

结果

与森林中的幼虫相比，该市幼虫在第五个最危险的幼虫中度过的时间更多。城市变暖通过将城市幼虫的物候发展到冬季寒冷之前的更耐寒的生活阶段，间接地增加了幼虫的存活。我们的结果表明，局部城市变暖推动了幼虫生物学的变化，从而增加了生物体对人的危害。

结论

在最近的几十年中，随着温度的升高，PPM将其地理范围扩展到了更高的纬度。我们的研究突出表明，局部景观变化（例如城市中温度升高和温度降低的马赛克）可能会改变这种范围扩展对人们的影响。