Over the last four decades, forest management goals have transitioned to multiuse objectives, begging the question of their impact on wildlife habitat. Using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and the WHINGS (Wildlife Habitat Indicator for Native Genera and Species) model, the trends in wildlife habitat were quantified from 1977 to 2018 across Minnesota. Statewide, 35.5% of species experienced significant improvement in habitat, 29% significant reductions, and 35.5% nonsignificant change. The extent of habitat (acreage) increased for 100% of species, but the quality declined for 63% of species. Results were explained by the reduction in acreage of larger size classes of the aspen, balsam, and birch forest type and increases in smaller, younger forest area. Specifically, forest management that converted aspen stands to other forest types benefited certain wildlife species over others. Future forest management should consider the balance between the habitat requirements of the diverse native species in Minnesota. Study Implications Trends in forest wildlife habitat over the last four decades across Minnesota highlight that forest management often favors one species at the expense of another. Statewide, wildlife species with preferences for larger, older aspen experienced diminished habitat, whereas habitat for species preferring younger forest types or older nonaspen types increased. Regionally, the forested ecoregions in Minnesota (northeast) generally saw reduced habitat, whereas the prairie/agricultural regions (south and northwest) saw the largest increases. Through this and further applications, forest and wildlife managers can rapidly assess the habitat implications of proposed management, whether for environmental review, forest planning, or harvest scheduling.

中文翻译：

---

评估 41 年森林管理对美国明尼苏达州本土野生动物栖息地的影响

在过去的四年里，森林管理目标已经转变为多用途目标，引发了对野生动物栖息地影响的质疑。使用美国农业部林务局森林库存和分析数据以及 WINGS（本地属和物种的野生动物栖息地指标）模型，对 1977 年至 2018 年明尼苏达州野生动物栖息地的趋势进行了量化。在全州范围内，35.5% 的物种栖息地显着改善，29% 显着减少，35.5% 没有显着变化。100% 物种的栖息地范围（面积）增加，但 63% 物种的质量下降。结果的解释是，较大规模的白杨、香脂和白桦林类型的面积减少，而较小、较年轻的森林面积增加。具体来说，将白杨林转变为其他森林类型的森林管理使某些野生动物物种受益于其他物种。未来的森林管理应考虑明尼苏达州不同本地物种的栖息地需求之间的平衡。研究意义 过去四十年来，明尼苏达州森林野生动物栖息地的趋势突出表明，森林管理往往有利于一个物种，而牺牲另一个物种。在全州范围内，偏好较大、较老的白杨的野生动物物种的栖息地减少，而偏好较年轻的森林类型或较老的非白杨类型的物种的栖息地增加。从区域上看，明尼苏达州（东北部）的森林生态区通常栖息地减少，而草原/农业区（南部和西北部）的增长幅度最大。通过这个和进一步的应用，