Subglacial hydrological systems require innovative technological solutions to access and observe. Wireless sensor platforms can be used to collect and return data, but their performance in deep and fast-moving ice requires quantification. We report experimental results from Cryoegg: a spherical probe that can be deployed into a borehole or moulin and transit through the subglacial hydrological system. The probe measures temperature, pressure and electrical conductivity in situ and returns all data wirelessly via a radio link. We demonstrate Cryoegg's utility in studying englacial channels and moulins, including in situ salt dilution gauging. Cryoegg uses VHF radio to transmit data to a surface receiving array. We demonstrate transmission through up to 1.3 km of cold ice – a significant improvement on the previous design. The wireless transmission uses Wireless M-Bus on 169 MHz; we present a simple radio link budget model for its performance in cold ice and experimentally confirm its validity. Cryoegg has also been tested successfully in temperate ice. The battery capacity should allow measurements to be made every 2 h for more than a year. Future iterations of the radio system will enable Cryoegg to transmit data through up to 2.5 km of ice.

中文翻译：

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Cryoegg：用于深层快速移动冰的无线冰下探测器的开发和现场试验

冰下水文系统需要创新的技术解决方案来访问和观察。无线传感器平台可用于收集和返回数据，但它们在深层和快速移动的冰层中的表现需要量化。我们报告了 Cryoegg 的实验结果：一种球形探针，可以部署到钻孔或红磨坊中并穿过冰下水文系统。探头在现场测量温度、压力和电导率，并通过无线电链路无线返回所有数据。我们展示了 Cryogg 在研究冰河通道和 moulins 方面的实用性，包括原位盐稀释测量。Cryoegg 使用 VHF 无线电将数据传输到地面接收阵列。我们展示了通过长达 1.3 公里的冷冰的传输——对之前的设计进行了重大改进。无线传输使用169 MHz的Wireless M-Bus；我们提出了一个简单的无线电链路预算模型，用于其在冷冰中的性能，并通过实验确认其有效性。Cryoeg 也已在温带冰层中成功测试。电池容量应允许一年以上每 2 小时进行一次测量。无线电系统的未来迭代将使 Cryoeg 能够通过长达 2.5 公里的冰层传输数据。