Invasive species negatively impact vegetation communities. Invasive European common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. australis] is rapidly spreading throughout North American wetlands. As such, the suppression of P. australis populations is a goal of many managers, as its removal should provide an opportunity to restore native vegetation communities. In Ontario, managers applied a glyphosate-based herbicide to more than 400 ha of P. australis in ecologically significant coastal marshes, representing the first time this tool was used over standing water to suppress an invasive species in Canada. Using a before–after–control–impact monitoring design, we evaluated the efficacy of glyphosate-based herbicide at removing P. australis along a water-depth gradient and assessed the recovery of the vegetation community for 2 yr after treatment in relation to reference conditions. We found that herbicide suppressed more than 99% of P. australis 1 yr after treatment and worked effectively along the entire water-depth gradient (10 to 48 cm). However, the post-treatment vegetation community remains distinctive from reference marsh 2 yr after treatment. In many plots where P. australis was removed, nonnative European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) is now dominant, likely aided by high lake-water levels.

中文翻译：

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有效抑制已建立的入侵芦苇导致沿海沼泽的二次入侵

入侵物种对植被群落产生负面影响。入侵欧洲普通芦苇【芦苇（骑士）特林。前斯图德。ssp。澳大利亚] 正在整个北美湿地迅速蔓延。因此，压制P. australis种群是许多管理者的目标，因为它的移除应该为恢复原生植被群落提供机会。在安大略省，管理人员将草甘膦除草剂施用于 400 多公顷的P. australis在具有重要生态意义的沿海沼泽地中，这是该工具首次用于在积水中抑制加拿大的入侵物种。使用之前-之后-控制-影响监测设计，我们评估了草甘膦除草剂在去除P. australis沿水深梯度，并根据参考条件评估处理后 2 年植被群落的恢复情况。我们发现除草剂抑制了 99% 以上的P. australis治疗 1 年后，沿整个水深梯度（10 至 48 厘米）有效工作。然而，处理后的植被群落在处理 2 年后仍与参考沼泽不同。在许多地块中P. australis被移除，非本地欧洲蛙位（鲶鱼L.) 现在占主导地位，可能是由于湖水位高。