The unique environment of space is characterized by several stress factors, including intense radiation, microgravity, high vacuum and extreme temperatures, among others. These stress conditions individually or in-combination influence genetics and gene regulation and bring potential evolutionary changes in organisms that would not occur under the Earth's gravity regime (1 × g). Thus, space can be explored to support the emergence of new varieties of microbes and plants, that when selected for, can exhibit increased growth and yield, improved resistance to pathogens, enhanced tolerance to drought, low nutrient and disease, produce new metabolites and others. These properties may be more difficult to achieve using other approaches under 1 × g. This review provides an overview of the space microgravity and ionizing radiation conditions that significantly influence organisms. Changes in the genomics, physiology, phenotype, growth and metabolites of organisms in real and simulated microgravity and radiation conditions are illustrated. Results of space biological experiments show that the space environment has significant scientific, technological and commercial potential. Combined these potentials can help address the future of life on Earth, part of goal e of astrobiology.

中文翻译：

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空间环境如何影响生物体：天体生物学的观点和回顾

独特的太空环境具有多种压力因素，包括强辐射、微重力、高真空和极端温度等。这些压力条件单独或组合影响遗传和基因调控，并带来在地球重力状态下不会发生的生物体的潜在进化变化（1 ×G）。因此，可以探索空间以支持新品种微生物和植物的出现，当它们被选中时，它们可以表现出增加的生长和产量，提高对病原体的抵抗力，增强对干旱、低营养和疾病的耐受性，产生新的代谢物等. 使用 1 × 以下的其他方法可能更难以实现这些属性G. 本综述概述了对生物体有重大影响的空间微重力和电离辐射条件。说明了在真实和模拟的微重力和辐射条件下生物体的基因组学、生理学、表型、生长和代谢物的变化。空间生物实验结果表明，空间环境具有巨大的科技和商业潜力。结合这些潜力可以帮助解决地球上生命的未来，这是天体生物学目标 e 的一部分。