We study the reaction of non-exporters to openness. While static models suggest non-exporters lose from openness, dynamic ones where firms can innovate allow for gains from internalizing future exports. Developing a tractable model with productivity choices where both effects are present, we show analytically that the former effect dominates for small non-exporters, while the latter dominates for large ones. Calibrating to US data, 59% of non-exporters gain with openness, and the average non-exporter growth rate increases by 0.02% per point drop in trade costs.

中文翻译：

---

非出口商是否会因贸易成本降低而蒙受损失？

我们研究了非出口商对开放的反应。虽然静态模型表明非出口商会因开放而受损，但企业可以创新的动态模型可以从未来出口的内部化中获益。开发一个具有生产力选择的易处理模型，其中存在两种影响，我们分析表明，前一种影响在小型非出口商中占主导地位，而后者在大型非出口商中占主导地位。校准美国数据，59%的非出口商因开放而受益，贸易成本每下降一个点，非出口商平均增速提高0.02%。