This paper presents palaeoecological reconstructions and late Neanderthal responses to environmental conditions in two different palaeoecological zones (continental south-central Europe and the eastern Adriatic) during MIS 3. Our interpretations are based on the available records of climatic conditions, characteristics of Mousterian industries and site characteristics. A variety of data obtained by different methods of analyses (sediments and biological remains) were used for palaeoecological reconstructions, while hominin behaviour was examined from various perspectives based on lithic remains (technology, typology, raw material use), subsistence strategies, land use and site structures. In both regions, Neanderthals practised a broad exploitation of different faunal and lithic resources available to them and successfully adapted to local environments. Based on a variety of evidence, we offer a new synthesis and examine whether continental south-central Europe and the Adriatic really acted as refugia during the time of late Neanderthal occupations. We also consider the possible causes and/or timing of Neanderthal disappearance in these regions.

中文翻译：

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位于欧洲中南部和地中海中部十字路口的最后尼安德特人的古生态学观点：长期稳定或人类反应引起的明显环境变化

本文介绍了 MIS 3 期间两个不同的古生态区（欧洲中南部大陆和亚得里亚海东部）的古生态重建和晚期尼安德特人对环境条件的响应。我们的解释基于气候条件、穆斯特工业和遗址特征的现有记录特征。通过不同分析方法（沉积物和生物遗骸）获得的各种数据用于古生态重建，同时基于岩石遗骸（技术、类型学、原材料使用）、生存策略、土地利用和网站结构。在这两个地区，尼安德特人对可供他们使用的不同动物和岩石资源进行了广泛的开发，并成功地适应了当地环境。基于各种证据，我们提供了一种新的综合方法，并研究了在尼安德特人晚期占领时期，中欧大陆和亚得里亚海是否真的充当了避难所。我们还考虑了这些地区尼安德特人消失的可能原因和/或时间。