Despite advances in smoking cessation treatments, smoking relapse remains common. Experiencing positive or negative affect and cigarette dependence are the most common causes of relapse; however, little is known about the characteristics that increase the risk of relapse from these causes among current treatment-seeking smokers. Thus, this study aimed to identify the most frequent causes of relapse and the individual characteristics that increase the risk of relapse from these causes during a 12-month period after smoking cessation. Participants included 121 treatment-seeking smokers who quit smoking at the end of treatment and relapsed during a 12-month follow-up period (60.3% female; Mage = 42.57, SD = 11.07). Results indicated that the most frequent smoking relapse situations occurred when smokers experienced positive (e.g., being relaxed; 43.0%) or negative (e.g., being angry; 37.2%) affect or cigarette dependence–related situations (e.g., craving; 19.8%). At an individual level, males with a higher level of education and without a psychopharmaceutical prescription had a higher risk of relapsing in positive-affect situations. Smoking the first cigarette at an older age increased the risk of relapse in negative-affect situations. Finally, being younger and less motivated to quit at pretreatment increased the likelihood of relapse in cigarette dependence–related situations. These findings provide detailed information about smoking relapse situations and identify a set of characteristics that might help to improve current relapse-prevention interventions.

尽管戒烟治疗取得了进展，但吸烟复发仍然很常见。经历正面或负面的影响以及对香烟的依赖是最常见的复发原因；然而，对于目前寻求治疗的吸烟者中增加这些原因复发风险的特征知之甚少。因此，本研究旨在确定戒烟后 12 个月内最常见的复发原因以及增加这些原因复发风险的个体特征。参与者包括 121 名寻求治疗的吸烟者，他们在治疗结束时戒烟并在 12 个月的随访期间复发（60.3% 为女性；Mage  = 42.57，SD  = 11.07)。结果表明，当吸烟者经历积极（例如，放松；43.0%）或消极（例如，生气；37.2%）影响或与香烟依赖相关的情况（例如，渴望；19.8%）时，最常见的吸烟复发情况发生。在个人层面上，受教育程度较高且没有精神药物处方的男性在积极影响情况下复发的风险较高。年龄较大时吸第一支烟会增加负面影响情况下复发的风险。最后，在治疗前年龄较小且戒烟积极性较低会增加卷烟依赖相关情况复发的可能性。