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Key factors influencing forager distribution across macadamia orchards differ among species of managed bees
Basic and Applied Ecology ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-09 , DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.03.001
L.J. Evans , L. Jesson , S.F.J. Read , M. Jochym , B.T. Cutting , T. Gayrard , M.A.S. Jammes , R. Roumier , B.G. Howlett

To achieve maximised and sustainable crop productivity, it is critical that we develop crop-specific strategies for managing pollination. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Tetragonula carbonaria) are considered effective pollinators of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). The introduction of managed honey bee or stingless bee hives into orchards is likely to boost the numbers of these insects visiting flowers; however, there is a lack of published information and consensus regarding their management for pollination. Here, we identify factors that affect the distribution of both honey bees and stingless bees across cultivated macadamia, and establish whether increased flower visitation leads to higher nut set. A gradient of bee visitation rates was created by placing colonies on the ends of a four-hectare block, and mixed-effect models were applied to assess forager abundance and nut set with respect to distance from hive, time of day, cultivar, and floral display size. Distance from colony had a strong effect on stingless bee numbers, with >96% of individuals recorded within 100 metres of colonies, whereas the distribution of honey bees was more closely related to daily floral display: trees with greater numbers of flowers attracted more honey bees. Simplified surveys conducted in a further 17 macadamia blocks confirm that these are broadly occurring distribution patterns. Bee abundance alone did not significantly predict nut production; however, an indirect effect of bee visits to flowers is inferred, as nut production increased with size of floral display. To encourage a more even distribution of bees and uniform pollination, we recommend placement of stingless bee hives to maximise their distribution through a block (e.g. at 100-m intervals) and management practices that promote even distributions of flowers across trees.



中文翻译:

澳洲坚果园中影响觅食者分布的关键因素因蜜蜂种类而异

为了实现最大化和可持续的农作物生产力,至关重要的是我们制定特定农作物的策略来管理授粉。蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)和无刺蜜蜂(Tetragonula carbonaria)被认为是澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)的有效授粉者。)。将有节制的蜜蜂或无刺蜂巢引入果园中可能会增加这些昆虫访花的数量。但是,关于其对授粉的管理缺乏公开的信息和共识。在这里,我们确定影响蜜蜂和无刺蜜蜂在栽培澳洲坚果上分布的因素,并确定是否增加花访视会导致更高的果仁率。通过将菌落放置在一个四公顷的地块的末端来创建蜜蜂探视率的梯度,并应用混合效应模型来评估与蜂巢的距离,一天中的时间,品种和花序的觅食性丰度和坚果集。显示屏尺寸。与殖民地的距离对无st蜜蜂数量有很大影响,有超过96%的人记录在殖民地100米以内,蜜蜂的分布与日常花卉展示密切相关:花朵较多的树木吸引了更多的蜜蜂。在另外的17个澳洲坚果块中进行的简化调查确认,它们是分布广泛的分布模式。仅蜜蜂的丰度并不能显着预测坚果的产量。但是,可以推断出蜜蜂造访花的间接影响,因为坚果产量随花卉展示尺寸的增加而增加。为了鼓励蜜蜂更均匀地分布和授粉,我们建议放置无刺蜂箱,以通过一个街区(例如,以100米为间隔)和管理实践来最大化它们的分布,以促进花朵在树上的均匀分布。花多的树木吸引了更多的蜜蜂。在另外的17个澳洲坚果块中进行的简化调查确认,它们是分布广泛的分布模式。仅蜜蜂的丰度并不能显着预测坚果的产量。但是,可以推断出蜜蜂造访花的间接影响,因为坚果产量随花卉展示尺寸的增加而增加。为了鼓励蜜蜂更均匀地分布和授粉,我们建议放置无刺蜂箱,以通过一个街区(例如,以100米为间隔)和管理实践来最大化它们的分布,以促进花朵在树上的均匀分布。花多的树木吸引了更多的蜜蜂。在另外的17个澳洲坚果块中进行的简化调查确认,它们是分布广泛的分布模式。仅蜜蜂的丰度并不能显着预测坚果的产量。但是,可以推断出蜜蜂造访花的间接影响,因为坚果产量随花卉展示尺寸的增加而增加。为了鼓励蜜蜂更均匀地分布和授粉,我们建议放置无刺蜂箱,以通过一个街区(例如,以100米为间隔)和管理实践来最大化它们的分布,以促进花朵在树上的均匀分布。仅蜜蜂的丰度并不能显着预测坚果的产量。但是,可以推断出蜜蜂造访花的间接影响,因为坚果产量随花卉展示尺寸的增加而增加。为了鼓励蜜蜂更均匀地分布和授粉,我们建议放置无刺蜂箱,以通过一个街区(例如,以100米为间隔)和管理实践来最大化它们的分布,以促进花朵在树上的均匀分布。仅蜜蜂的丰度并不能显着预测坚果的产量。但是,可以推断出蜜蜂造访花的间接影响,因为坚果产量随花卉展示尺寸的增加而增加。为了鼓励蜜蜂更均匀地分布和授粉,我们建议放置无刺蜂箱,以通过一个街区(例如,以100米为间隔)和管理实践来最大化它们的分布,以促进花朵在树上的均匀分布。

更新日期:2021-03-23
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