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The interaction of zinc with the multi-functional plasma thyroid hormone distributor protein, transthyretin: evolutionary and cross-species comparative aspects
Biometals ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00294-0
Kiyoshi Yamauchi 1
Affiliation  

A considerable body of evidence has been accumulated showing the interrelationship between zinc and the plasma thyroid hormone (TH) distributor protein, transthyretin (TTR). TTR is a multi-functional protein, which emerged from 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase (HIUHase) by neo-functionalization after gene duplication during early chordate evolution. HIUHase is also a zinc-binding protein. Most biochemical and molecular biological findings have been obtained from mammalian studies. However, in the past two decades, it has become clear that fish TTR displays zinc-dependent TH binding. After a brief introduction on plasma zinc, THs and their binding proteins, this review will focus on the role of zinc in TTR functions of various vertebrates. In particular primitive fish TTR has an extremely high zinc content, with an increased number of histidine residues which are involved in TH binding. However, zinc-dependent TH binding may have been gradually lost from TTRs during higher vertebrate evolution. Although human TTR has a low zinc content, zinc plays an essential role in TTR functions other than TH binding: the stability of TTR-holo retinol binding protein 4 (holoRBP4) complex, TTR amyloidogenesis, the sequestration of amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils and cryptic proteolytic activity. The interaction of TTR with metallothioneins may be a critical step in the exertion of some of these functions. Evolutionary and physiological insights on zinc-dependent functions of TTRs are also discussed.



中文翻译:

锌与多功能血浆甲状腺激素分布蛋白、转甲状腺素蛋白的相互作用:进化和跨物种比较方面

大量证据表明锌与血浆甲状腺激素 (TH) 分布蛋白、转甲状腺素蛋白 (TTR) 之间的相互关系。TTR 是一种多功能蛋白,它在早期脊索动物进化过程中通过基因复制后的新功能化从 5-羟基异磺酸水解酶 (HIUHase) 中产生。HIUHase 也是一种锌结合蛋白。大多数生化和分子生物学发现都是从哺乳动物研究中获得的。然而,在过去的二十年里,鱼 TTR 表现出锌依赖性 TH 结合已经变得很清楚。在简要介绍了血浆锌、THs 及其结合蛋白之后,本综述将重点关注锌在各种脊椎动物 TTR 功能中的作用。特别是原始鱼 TTR 具有极高的锌含量,与 TH 结合有关的组氨酸残基数量增加。然而,在高等脊椎动物进化过程中,锌依赖性 TH 结合可能已逐渐从 TTR 中消失。尽管人类 TTR 的锌含量较低,但锌在除 TH 结合之外的 TTR 功能中起着重要作用:TTR-全视黄醇结合蛋白 4 (holoRBP4) 复合物的稳定性、TTR 淀粉样蛋白生成、淀粉样蛋白 β (Aβ) 原纤维的隔离和神秘的蛋白水解活性。TTR 与金属硫蛋白的相互作用可能是发挥其中一些功能的关键步骤。还讨论了关于 TTR 的锌依赖性功能的进化和生理学见解。尽管人类 TTR 的锌含量较低,但锌在除 TH 结合之外的 TTR 功能中起着重要作用:TTR-全视黄醇结合蛋白 4 (holoRBP4) 复合物的稳定性、TTR 淀粉样蛋白生成、淀粉样蛋白 β (Aβ) 原纤维的隔离和神秘的蛋白水解活性。TTR 与金属硫蛋白的相互作用可能是发挥其中一些功能的关键步骤。还讨论了关于 TTR 的锌依赖性功能的进化和生理学见解。尽管人类 TTR 的锌含量较低,但锌在除 TH 结合之外的 TTR 功能中起着重要作用:TTR-全视黄醇结合蛋白 4 (holoRBP4) 复合物的稳定性、TTR 淀粉样蛋白生成、淀粉样蛋白 β (Aβ) 原纤维的隔离和神秘的蛋白水解活性。TTR 与金属硫蛋白的相互作用可能是发挥其中一些功能的关键步骤。还讨论了关于 TTR 的锌依赖性功能的进化和生理学见解。

更新日期:2021-03-09
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