Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates many functions including metabolism, cell differentiation, and nervous system development. Alteration of thyroid hormone level in the body can lead to nervous system-related problems linked to cognition, visual attention, visual processing, motor skills, language, and memory skills. TH has also been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression. Males and females display sex-specific differences in neuronal signaling. Steroid hormones including testosterone and estrogen are considered to be the prime regulators for programing the neuronal signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. However, other than steroid hormones, TH could also be one of the key signaling molecules to regulate different brain signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. Thyroid-related diseases and neurological diseases show sex-specific incidence; however, the molecular mechanisms behind this are not clear. Hence, it will be very beneficial to understand how TH acts in male and female brains and what are the critical genes and signaling networks. In this review, we have highlighted the role of TH in nervous system regulation and disease outcome and given special emphasis on its sex-specific role in male and female brains. A network model is also presented that provides critical information on TH-regulated genes, signaling, and disease.

中文翻译：

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甲状腺激素：在神经系统调节和疾病中的性别依赖性作用

甲状腺激素 (TH) 调节许多功能，包括新陈代谢、细胞分化和神经系统发育。体内甲状腺激素水平的改变会导致与认知、视觉注意力、视觉处理、运动技能、语言和记忆技能相关的神经系统相关问题。TH 还与神经精神疾病有关，包括精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、焦虑症和抑郁症。男性和女性在神经元信号传导方面表现出性别特异性差异。包括睾酮和雌激素在内的类固醇激素被认为是以男性和女性特异性方式对神经元信号进行编程的主要调节剂。然而，除了类固醇激素之外，TH 也可能是以男性和女性特有的方式调节不同大脑信号的关键信号分子之一。甲状腺相关疾病和神经系统疾病的发病率有性别差异；然而，这背后的分子机制尚不清楚。因此，了解 TH 如何在男性和女性大脑中起作用以及关键基因和信号网络是什么将非常有益。在这篇综述中，我们强调了 TH 在神经系统调节和疾病结果中的作用，并特别强调了它在男性和女性大脑中的性别特异性作用。还提出了一个网络模型，该模型提供了有关 TH 调节基因、信号传导和疾病的关键信息。在这篇综述中，我们强调了 TH 在神经系统调节和疾病结果中的作用，并特别强调了它在男性和女性大脑中的性别特异性作用。还提出了一个网络模型，该模型提供了有关 TH 调节基因、信号传导和疾病的关键信息。在这篇综述中，我们强调了 TH 在神经系统调节和疾病结果中的作用，并特别强调了它在男性和女性大脑中的性别特异性作用。还提出了一个网络模型，该模型提供了有关 TH 调节基因、信号传导和疾病的关键信息。