Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a weed management technique that intercepts and destroys weed seeds before they replenish the soil weed seedbank and can be used to control herbicide-resistant weeds in global cropping systems. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a problematic, globally distributed weed species that is considered highly susceptible to HWSC, as it retains much of its seed on the plant during grain harvest. However, previous studies have demonstrated that R. raphanistrum is capable of adapting its life cycle, in particular its flowering time, to allow individuals more time to mature and potentially shed seeds before harvest, thereby evading HWSC interception. This study compared the vegetative growth plus physiological and ecological fitness of an early-flowering R. raphanistrum biotype with an unselected genetically related biotype to determine whether physiological costs of early flowering exist when in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Early flowering time adaptation in R. raphanistrum did not change the relative growth rate or competitive ability of R. raphanistrum. However, the height of first flower was reduced in the early flowering time–selected population, indicating that this population would retain more pods below the typical harvest cutting height (15 cm) used in HWSC. The presence of wheat competition (160 to 200 plants m−2) increased flowering height in the early flowering time–selected population, which would likely increase the susceptibility of early-flowering R. raphanistrum plants to HWSC. Overall, early-flowering adaption in R. raphanistrum is a possible strategy to escape being captured by the HWSC; however, increasing crop competition is likely to be an effective strategy to maintain the effectiveness of HWSC.

中文翻译：

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野萝卜开花时间的适应性值（Raphanus raphanistrum）

收获杂草种子控制 (HWSC) 是一种杂草管理技术，可在杂草种子补充土壤杂草种子库之前拦截并摧毁它们，并可用于控制全球种植系统中的抗除草剂杂草。野萝卜（萝卜L.) 是一种有问题的、全球分布的杂草物种，被认为对 HWSC 高度敏感，因为它在谷物收获期间将大部分种子保留在植物上。然而，以往的研究表明，R. raphanistrum能够调整其生命周期，尤其是开花时间，以使个体有更多时间成熟并可能在收获前脱落种子，从而避免 HWSC 拦截。本研究比较了早花植物的营养生长和生理生态适应性。R. raphanistrum具有未选择的遗传相关生物型的生物型，以确定在与小麦竞争时是否存在早花的生理成本（小麦L.)。早期开花时间适应R. raphanistrum没有改变相对增长率或竞争力R. raphanistrum. 然而，在早期开花时间选择的种群中，第一朵花的高度降低了，这表明该种群在 HWSC 中使用的典型收获切割高度（15 厘米）以下会保留更多的豆荚。小麦竞争的存在（160 到 200 株 m-2) 早期开花时间选择种群的开花高度增加，这可能会增加早期开花的易感性R. raphanistrum工厂到 HWSC。总体而言，早期开花适应R. raphanistrum是逃避被 HWSC 捕获的一种可能策略；然而，增加作物竞争可能是维持 HWSC 有效性的有效策略。