Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is particularly relevant for children from 7 years on and adolescents with clinical levels of conduct problems. CBT provides these children and adolescents with anger regulation and social problem-solving skills that enable them to behave in more independent and situation appropriate ways. Typically, CBT is combined with another psychological treatment such as behavioral parent training in childhood or an intervention targeting multiple systems in adolescence. The effectiveness of CBT, however, is in the small to medium range. The aim of this review is to describe how the effectiveness of CBT may be improved by paying more attention to a series of psychological functions that have been shown to be impaired in neuroimaging studies: (1) anger recognition, (2) the ability to generate situation appropriate solutions to social problems, (3) reinforcement-based decision making, (4) response inhibition, and (5) affective empathy. It is suggested that children and adolescents first become familiar with these psychological functions during group CBT sessions. In individual sessions in which the parents (and/or child care workers in day treatment and residential treatment) and the child or adolescent participate, parents then learn to elicit, support, and reinforce their child’s use of these psychological functions in everyday life (in vivo practice). In these individual sessions, working on the psychological functions is tailored to the individual child’s characteristic impairments of these functions. CBT therapists may also share crucial social-learning topics with teachers with a view to creating learning opportunities for children and adolescents at school.

认知行为疗法 (CBT) 尤其适用于 7 岁以上的儿童和具有临床行为问题水平的青少年。CBT 为这些儿童和青少年提供愤怒调节和解决社会问题的技能，使他们能够以更独立和更适合情况的方式行事。通常，CBT 与另一种心理治疗相结合，例如童年时期的行为父母培训或针对青春期多个系统的干预。然而，CBT 的有效性在中小范围内。本综述的目的是描述如何通过更多地关注神经影像学研究中显示受损的一系列心理功能来提高 CBT 的有效性：（1）愤怒识别，(2) 针对社会问题产生适合情境的解决方案的能力，(3) 基于强化的决策，(4) 反应抑制，以及 (5) 情感移情。建议儿童和青少年在团体 CBT 课程中首先熟悉这些心理功能。在父母（和/或日间治疗和住院治疗的儿童保育员）和儿童或青少年参与的个别课程中，父母然后学会引导、支持和加强他们的孩子在日常生活中使用这些心理功能（在体内练习）。在这些单独的课程中，针对个别儿童的这些功能的特征性损伤量身定制心理功能的研究。