Heavy metals and metalloids can accumulate in soil, with potentially toxic effects to human health and ecosystems, threatening the sustainable use and management of soil resources. Although a number of remediation technologies, such as Solidification/Stabilization (S/S), soil washing, electrokinetic remediation and chemical oxidation/reduction can be applied for the immobilization, removal or detoxification of heavy metals in soil, the environmental, social and economic impacts associated with these conventional approaches hinder their overall sustainability. More attempts have been made to maximize the ‘net environmental benefit’ in various ways, including recovering resources, embracing nature-based solutions (NBS), and saving energy with the emergence and development of the ‘green and sustainable remediation’ (GSR) movement. This review critically discusses these green remediation strategies, and the novel soil amendments being utilized in these sustainable approaches. Iron-based amendments are the most promising candidates in green remediation due to the highest stabilization performances for both oxyanions and metallic cations as well as relatively low disturbance to soil. In comparison, waste-derived materials suffer from risks of contaminant release in the long run, reducing the overall sustainability despite their low costs. It has been found that phytoremediation and green amendment-based S/S are typically the ‘greenest’ remediation strategies, but wise decisions should be made on the basis of case-specific sustainability assessment results. Finally, it is proposed that integration of several green remediation techniques may have a synergistic effect on remediation efficiency.

中文翻译：

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重金属污染土壤绿色修复策略综述

重金属和类金属会在土壤中积累，对人类健康和生态系统产生潜在的毒性影响，威胁土壤资源的可持续利用和管理。尽管固化/稳定（S/S）、土壤洗涤、电动修复和化学氧化/还原等多种修复技术可用于土壤中重金属的固定、去除或解毒，但对环境、社会和经济的影响与这些传统方法相关的影响阻碍了它们的整体可持续性。随着“绿色和可持续修复”（GSR）运动的出现和发展，人们更多地尝试以各种方式最大化“净环境效益”，包括回收资源、采用基于自然的解决方案（NBS）和节约能源. 本综述批判性地讨论了这些绿色修复策略，以及在这些可持续方法中使用的新型土壤改良剂。由于对氧阴离子和金属阳离子具有最高的稳定性能以及对土壤的干扰相对较低，铁基改良剂是绿色修复中最有前途的候选物。相比之下，从长远来看，废物衍生材料会面临污染物释放的风险，尽管成本较低，但总体可持续性有所降低。已经发现，植物修复和基于绿色修正的 S/S 通常是“最绿色”的修复策略，但应根据具体案例的可持续性评估结果做出明智的决定。最后，