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Solitary bee larvae prioritize carbohydrate over protein in parentally provided pollen
Functional Ecology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-08 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13746
Alexander J. Austin 1, 2 , James D. J. Gilbert 1
Affiliation  

  1. Most organisms must regulate their nutritional intake in an environment full of complex food choices. While this process is well‐understood for self‐sufficient organisms, dependent offspring, such as bee larvae, in practice have limited food choices because food is provided by parents. Nutrient balancing may therefore be achieved by offspring, by parents on offspring's behalf, or by both, whether cooperatively or in conflict.
  2. We used the Geometric Framework to investigate the capacity of dependent larval mason bees Osmia bicornis to regulate their intake of protein and carbohydrate, as well as these nutrients' effects upon growth and survival. Female Osmia seal eggs individually inside cells they have provisioned with pollen, and have no contact with developing offspring, allowing offspring choices to be studied in isolation. Herbivorous insect larvae are typically expected to balance protein and carbohydrate to maximize growth and reproduction.
  3. Contrary to prediction, carbohydrate and not protein mediated both growth and survival to pupation. Accordingly, larvae prioritized maintaining a constant intake of carbohydrate and self‐selected a relatively carbohydrate‐biased diet compared to other hymenopterans, while tolerating wide excesses and deficiencies of protein, rendering them potentially vulnerable to dietary change or manipulation. Reasons for prioritizing carbohydrate may include (a) the relative abundance of protein in their normal pollen diet, (b) the relative paucity of nectar in parental provisions making carbohydrate a scarce resource or (c) the requirement for diapause for all O. bicornis larvae. Larvae were intolerant of moderate dietary dilution, likely reflecting an evolutionary history of nutrient‐dense food.
  4. Our results demonstrate that dependent offspring can remain active participants in balancing their own nutrients even when sedentary, and, moreover, even in mass provisioning systems where parents and offspring have no physical contact. Research should now focus on whether and how evolutionary interests of parent and dependent offspring coincide or conflict with respect to food composition, and the implications for species' resilience to changing environments.


中文翻译:

在亲本提供的花粉中,单独的蜜蜂幼虫优先考虑碳水化合物而不是蛋白质

  1. 大多数生物必须在充满多种食物选择的环境中调节其营养摄入量。尽管这个过程对于自给自足的生物体是很容易理解的,但实际上,依赖的后代(如蜂幼虫)的食物选择有限,因为食物是由父母提供的。因此,可以通过后代,由父母代表后代,或者通过两者合作或冲突实现营养的平衡。
  2. 我们使用几何框架研究了成年幼体梅森蜜蜂Osmia bicornis调节其蛋白质和碳水化合物摄入量以及这些营养素对生长和生存的影响的能力。雌性Osmia将卵分别密封在提供了花粉的细胞内,并且不与发育中的后代接触,从而可以单独研究后代的选择。通常期望食草昆虫幼虫能够平衡蛋白质和碳水化合物,从而最大化其生长和繁殖。
  3. 与预测相反,碳水化合物而不是蛋白质介导了化up的生长和存活。因此,与其他膜翅目动物相比,幼虫优先保持恒定的碳水化合物摄入量,并自行选择相对偏重碳水化合物的饮食,同时忍受蛋白质的大量过量和缺乏,使其容易受到饮食变化或操作的影响。优先考虑碳水化合物的原因可能包括:(a)正常花粉饮食中蛋白质的相对含量高;(b)父母提供的花蜜相对稀少,从而使碳水化合物成为稀缺资源;或(c)所有双角O幼虫都需要滞育。幼虫不能耐受中等饮食稀释,这可能反映了营养丰富食物的进化史。
  4. 我们的结果表明,即使久坐不动,受抚养的后代也可以保持活跃,以平衡自身的营养,此外,即使在父母和后代没有身体接触的大规模供应系统中,也可以如此。现在的研究应集中在父母和受抚养子女的进化利益在食物组成上是否一致以及如何一致或相互冲突,以及对物种对不断变化的环境的适应力的影响。
更新日期:2021-05-07
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