Simultaneous measurements of rocket-borne and ground-based instruments in a common volume were performed from Andøya, Norway (69° N, 16° E) in frame of the recent PMWE-project, devoted to clarify the formation mechanism behind polar mesosphere winter echoes (PMWE). This article focuses on measurements of April, 13^th 2018. Despite low solar activity, we observe several radar echoes, giving the launch criterion. Combining precise in-situ ionization gauge and wave propagation measurements with ground-based radar measurements on 53.5 and 3.17 MHz, as well as lidar, we were able to measure key parameters of PMWE formation. Carefully analyzing the atmospheric background (i.e., temperature, viscosity, Brunt-Väisälä frequency, and scale heights of electron and neutral density), deriving turbulence parameters by means of radar and rocket, as well as estimating particle sizes of meteor smoke particles (MSP), we got a deep insight into the physical processes behind the PMWE phenomenon. Measurements clearly show that the coherent structures in refractive index variations (forming PMWE) are accompanied by neutral air turbulence, which is reflected in small-scale structures (down to some meters) of neutral and electron density. We analyze and discuss the temporal development of the radar echos by means of spectral width and wind measurements. We show that the behavior of the structures under investigation together with the atmospheric background is consistent with the interpretation, that PMWE were created by turbulence. Furthermore, it becomes clear that charged Meteor Smoke Particles (MSP) and background electron density can only enhance SNR, while turbulence is a prerequisite for their formation.

在最近的PMWE项目框架内，从挪威的安多亚（69°N，16°E）在挪威的安多亚（Andøya）进行了同一体积的火箭和地面仪器的同时测量，旨在阐明极地中层冬季回波的形成机理。 （PMWE）。本文重点介绍4月13^日的测量2018年。尽管太阳活动较少，但我们观察到了几次雷达回波，给出了发射标准。将精确的原位电离规和波传播测量与在53.5和3.17 MHz上的地面雷达测量以及激光雷达相结合，我们能够测量PMWE形成的关键参数。仔细分析大气背景（即温度，粘度，Brunt-Väisälä频率以及电子和中性密度的标高），通过雷达和火箭得出湍流参数，并估算流星烟雾颗粒（MSP）的粒径，我们对PMWE现象背后的物理过程有了深入的了解。测量清楚地表明，折射率变化的相干结构（形成PMWE）伴有中性空气湍流，这反映在中性和电子密度的小规模结构（低至几米）中。我们通过频谱宽度和风测量来分析和讨论雷达回波的时间发展。我们表明，所研究结构的行为以及大气背景与解释一致，即PMWE是由湍流产生的。此外，很明显带电的流星烟雾颗粒（MSP）和背景电子密度只能增强SNR，而湍流是形成它们的先决条件。我们表明，所研究结构的行为以及大气背景与解释一致，即PMWE是由湍流产生的。此外，很明显带电的流星烟雾颗粒（MSP）和背景电子密度只能增强SNR，而湍流是形成它们的先决条件。我们表明，所研究结构的行为以及大气背景与解释一致，即PMWE是由湍流产生的。此外，很明显带电的流星烟雾颗粒（MSP）和背景电子密度只能增强SNR，而湍流是形成它们的先决条件。