The human and mouse islet of Langerhans is an endocrine organ composed of five different cells types; insulin-secreting β-cells, glucagon-producing α-cells, somatostatin-producing δ-cells, pancreatic polypeptide-secreting PP cells and ɛ-cells that secretes ghrelin. The most important cells are the pancreatic β-cells that comprise around 45–50% of human islets and 75–80% in the mouse. Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin at high glucose concentration, thereby finely regulating glycaemia by the hypoglycaemic effects of this hormone. Different ion channels are implicated in the stimulus-secretion coupling of insulin. An increase in the intracellular ATP concentration leads to closure K_ATP channels, depolarizing the cell and opening voltage-gated calcium channels. The increase of intracellular calcium concentration induced by calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels promotes insulin secretion. Here, we briefly describe the diversity of ion channels present in pancreatic β-cells and the different mechanisms that are responsible to induce insulin secretion in human and mouse cells. Moreover, we described the pathophysiology due to alterations in the physiology of the main ion channels present in pancreatic β-cell and its implication to predispose metabolic disorders as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

人和小鼠的朗格汉斯胰岛是由五种不同细胞类型组成的内分泌器官；分泌胰岛素的 β 细胞、产生胰高血糖素的 α 细胞、产生生长抑素的 δ 细胞、分泌胰多肽的 PP 细胞和分泌 ghrelin 的 ɛ 细胞。最重要的细胞是胰腺 β 细胞，约占人类胰岛的 45-50% 和小鼠的 75-80%。胰腺β细胞在高葡萄糖浓度下分泌胰岛素，从而通过这种激素的降血糖作用精细调节血糖。不同的离子通道与胰岛素的刺激-分泌耦合有关。细胞内 ATP 浓度的增加导致闭合 K _ATP通道，使细胞去极化并打开电压门控钙通道。钙通过电压门控钙通道进入诱导的细胞内钙浓度增加促进胰岛素分泌。在这里，我们简要描述了胰腺 β 细胞中存在的离子通道的多样性以及负责诱导人和小鼠细胞中胰岛素分泌的不同机制。此外，我们描述了由于胰腺 β 细胞中存在的主要离子通道的生理学改变而引起的病理生理学，以及其对易患 2 型糖尿病的代谢紊乱的影响。