Periplasmic binding proteins provide gram-negative bacteria with mechanisms for nutrient uptake and sensing their environments through recognition and transport of small molecules and ions. In the assay development realm, the biosensing niche that these proteins fulfill is the recognition and detection of non-immunogenic targets, including inorganic ions, vitamins, amino acids, and sugars with affinities in the low nM to low μM range. These proteins have been applied in a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms including those based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, surface plasmon resonance, immunomagnetic separation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Their binding repertoire is largely limited to their natural targets, although progress has been made in engineering the target specificity by grafting alternate binding pockets and understanding the stability limitations inherent in engineering proteins for non-native targets. There has been significant interest in the glucose-galactose binding protein as an alternative to enzymes for diabetic glucose monitoring, but emerging applications for these proteins include environmental and microbiological sensing. Within, a comprehensive review of sensor advances is presented from a perspective of assay design, engineering challenges, and practical application. Immobilization strategies, labeling considerations, and overcoming stoichiometric signal limitations to yield optimal performance are discussed.

周质结合蛋白通过识别和运输小分子和离子，为革兰氏阴性细菌提供了养分吸收和感知环境的机制。在分析开发领域，这些蛋白质所实现的生物传感领域是识别和检测非免疫原性靶标，包括亲和力在低nM至低μM范围内的无机离子，维生素，氨基酸和糖类。这些蛋白质已应用于各种均质和异质平台，包括基于酶联免疫吸附测定，表面等离振子共振，免疫磁分离和荧光共振能量转移的平台。他们具有约束力的曲目在很大程度上仅限于他们的自然目标，尽管通过嫁接交替的结合口袋并了解非天然靶标工程蛋白固有的稳定性限制，在工程化靶标特异性方面取得了进展。葡萄糖-半乳糖结合蛋白作为糖尿病葡萄糖监测酶的替代品引起了人们的极大兴趣，但是这些蛋白的新兴应用包括环境和微生物传感。其中，从分析设计，工程挑战和实际应用的角度对传感器的进步进行了全面回顾。讨论了固定策略，标记注意事项和克服化学计量信号限制以产生最佳性能。葡萄糖-半乳糖结合蛋白作为糖尿病葡萄糖监测酶的替代品引起了人们的极大兴趣，但是这些蛋白的新兴应用包括环境和微生物传感。其中，从分析设计，工程挑战和实际应用的角度对传感器的进步进行了全面回顾。讨论了固定策略，标记注意事项和克服化学计量信号限制以产生最佳性能。葡萄糖-半乳糖结合蛋白作为糖尿病葡萄糖监测酶的替代品引起了人们的极大兴趣，但是这些蛋白的新兴应用包括环境和微生物传感。其中，从分析设计，工程挑战和实际应用的角度对传感器的进步进行了全面回顾。讨论了固定策略，标记注意事项和克服化学计量信号限制以产生最佳性能。工程挑战和实际应用。讨论了固定策略，标记注意事项和克服化学计量信号限制以产生最佳性能。工程挑战和实际应用。讨论了固定策略，标记注意事项和克服化学计量信号限制以产生最佳性能。