Hematological malignancies are classified as a heterogeneous category of cancers with various degrees of incidence and prognosis and different etiologies. Due to their aggressive essence they should be diagnosed as early as possible to improve prognosis, treatment outcome and survival. Bases on the limitations of previously identified biomarkers in terms of sensitivity, specificity and predictability, it is quite necessary to develop new diagnostic tools and biomarkers in order for the early diagnosis of hematological malignancies. Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by almost all cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions. They play major roles in intercellular communication and are recently being considered as disease biomarkers. These nanovesicles carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids like microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs which act as translational suppressors via regulating protein-coding genes. The aberrant expression of miRNAs has been shown in various conditions including hematological malignancies. Moreover, it is now known that tumor cells secrete higher amount of exosomes compared to normal cells. The idea of using exosomal miRNAs in serum as biomarkers is based on their surprisingly high stability and specificity. In the present paper, we reviewed some recommended exosomal miRNA panels including (miR-150, miR-155 and miR-1246), (miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-16-5p and miR-5a-5p), (miR-18a, Let-7b) and (miR192-5p, miR21-5p, miR320b and Let-7d), for their potential to be used as non-invasive biomarkers in different hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma.

血液系统恶性肿瘤被归类为具有不同发病率和预后以及不同病因的异质性癌症类别。由于它们的侵袭性本质，应尽早诊断它们以改善预后、治疗结果和生存。基于先前确定的生物标志物在敏感性、特异性和可预测性方面的局限性，开发新的诊断工具和生物标志物以早期诊断血液系统恶性肿瘤是非常必要的。外泌体是几乎所有细胞类型在生理和病理条件下分泌的纳米囊泡。它们在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用，最近被认为是疾病生物标志物。这些纳米囊泡携带蛋白质、脂质和核酸，如 microRNA (miRNA)。miRNA是小的非编码RNA，通过调节蛋白质编码基因充当翻译抑制因子。已在包括血液恶性肿瘤在内的各种条件下显示 miRNA 的异常表达。此外，现在已知与正常细胞相比，肿瘤细胞分泌更多的外泌体。在血清中使用外泌体 miRNA 作为生物标志物的想法是基于它们令人惊讶的高稳定性和特异性。在本文中，我们回顾了一些推荐的外泌体 miRNA panel，包括（miR-150、miR-155 和 miR-1246）、（miR-17-5p、miR-20a-5p、miR-16-5p 和 miR-5a- 5p)、(miR-18a, Let-7b) 和 (miR192-5p, miR21-5p, miR320b 和 Let-7d)，因为它们有可能被用作不同血液恶性肿瘤如多发性骨髓瘤、白血病的非侵入性生物标志物，和淋巴瘤。