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Recent forest area increase in Europe: expanding and regenerating forests differ in their regional patterns, drivers and productivity trends
European Journal of Forest Research ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s10342-021-01366-z
Marina Palmero-Iniesta , Joan Pino , Lluís Pesquer , Josep Maria Espelta

In Europe, forest area is increasing. These recently established forests can be classified into regenerating after disturbances or expanding into agricultural areas after abandonment. We used European Space Agency land cover maps and MODIS data to investigate which socioenvironmental drivers influenced recent forest expansion and regeneration in Europe from 1992 to 2015 and to compare their productivity by means of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Our results showed that forest area increased in Europe by 1.4% from 1992 to 2015. The 66% of this forest area increase corresponded to forest expansion mostly in Mediterranean and temperate regions, while regeneration (34%) dominated in boreal areas. Forest area and land cover diversity in 1992 were the main drivers of local forest area increase from 1992 to 2015. Forest expansion occurred on the warmer zones far from urban areas in the boreal region while it was the opposite in temperate and Mediterranean areas. On the other hand, forest regeneration showed mostly a positive relation with the distance to urban areas and water availability but no relation with temperature. The EVI values in 2015 were higher in expanding than in regenerating forests except in the warmer and drier bioclimates of Europe. These EVI trends suggest a higher productivity of expanding forests, except in areas where they cannot benefit from biological and physicochemical legacies of abandoned agricultural soils for tree growth, owing to water shortage. In sum, our results highlight that recent forest area increase in Europe is mostly caused by forest expansion into former agricultural areas but this is mostly occurring in less productive (warmer and drought-prone) bioclimates where advantages of agricultural legacies may not occur. Ultimately, this casts doubts whether there may be a limit for the role of forest expansion into agricultural areas for carbon sequestration in the long term.



中文翻译:

欧洲最近的森林面积增加:扩大和更新森林的区域模式,驱动力和生产力趋势不同

在欧洲,森林面积正在增加。这些最近建立的森林可分为扰动后恢复或废弃后扩展到农业地区。我们使用了欧洲航天局的土地覆盖图和MODIS数据,调查了哪些社会环境驱动因素影响了1992年至2015年欧洲最近的森林扩张和更新,并通过增强植被指数(EVI)比较了它们的生产力。我们的结果表明,从1992年到2015年,欧洲的森林面积增加了1.4%。该森林面积增加的66%与森林扩张相对应,主要是在地中海和温带地区,而再生(34%)在北方地区占主导。1992年至2015年,1992年的森林面积和土地覆盖多样性是当地森林面积增加的主要驱动力。森林的扩张发生在远离北方地区的较温暖地区,而在温带和地中海地区则相反。另一方面,森林更新与到市区的距离和水的可利用性主要呈正相关,而与温度无关。除欧洲气候温暖和干燥的气候外,2015年的EVI值在扩张森林中高于在更新森林中。这些EVI趋势表明,由于缺水而无法从废弃农业土壤的生物学和物理化学遗产中获益的地区,正在扩张的森林具有更高的生产力。总共,我们的结果表明,欧洲最近的森林面积增加主要是由于森林扩张到了以前的农业地区,但这主要发生在生产力较低(温暖和干旱多发)的生物气候中,而这些农业气候可能不会发挥优势。最终,这使人们怀疑,从长远来看,将森林扩展到农业领域以固碳的作用是否可能受到限制。

更新日期:2021-03-07
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