Lobelioideae, the largest subfamily within Campanulaceae, includes 33 genera and approximately1200 species. It is characterized by resupinate flowers with zygomorphic corollas and connate anthers and is widely distributed across the world. The systematics of Lobelioideae has been quite challenging over the years, with different scholars postulating varying theories. To outline major progress and highlight the existing systematic problems in Lobelioideae, we conducted a literature review on this subfamily. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses for Lobelioideae using plastids and internal transcribed spacer regions. We found that former studies have reached agreement on the southern African origin of Lobelioideae, herbaceous habit and Asian origin of giant lobelioids, the convergent evolution of giant rosette lobelioids, and lastly, the multiple cosmopolitan and independent radiation of lobelioids in Africa, Pacific Basin, and the Hawaiian Islands. Also, Apetahia Baill., Sclerotheca A.DC., and Cyanea Gaudich. are paraphyletic, while Lobelia L., Pratia Gaudich., Centropogon C.Presl, Siphocampylus Pohl, and Isotoma Lindl. are polyphyletic. The taxonomy of these genera, especially Lobelia, is particularly quite frustrating. This calls for further reappraisals using both morphological and molecular data.

中文翻译：

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桔梗科（桔梗科）的系统评价：回顾，系统发育和生物地理分析

桔梗科是桔梗科内最大的亚科，包括33个属和大约1200种。它的特点是复花，具花形花冠和合生花药，在世界范围内广泛分布。多年以来，山梗科的系统学一直颇具挑战性，不同的学者提出了不同的理论。为了概述主要进展并突出豆科的现有系统性问题，我们对该亚科进行了文献综述。此外，我们使用质体和内部转录的间隔区对豆科进行了系统发育和生物地理分析。我们发现，先前的研究在南部非洲的Lobelioideae科，草本习性和亚洲的巨型叶类植物，巨型玫瑰花叶类植物的趋同演化方面达成了共识，最后，非洲，太平洋盆地和夏威夷群岛中的类黄酮具有多种世界性和独立性。此外，还有Apetahia Baill，Sclerotheca A.DC.和Cyanea Gaudich。是共生的，而Lobelia L.，Pratia Gaudich。，Centropogon C.Presl，Siphocampylus Pohl和Isotoma Lindl。是多系的。这些属，特别是山梗菜的分类学特别令人沮丧。这要求使用形态学和分子数据进行进一步的重新评估。尤其是半边莲，尤其令人沮丧。这要求使用形态学和分子数据进行进一步的重新评估。尤其是半边莲，尤其令人沮丧。这要求使用形态学和分子数据进行进一步的重新评估。