Introduction Parenting interventions during early childhood are known to improve various child development outcomes immediately following programme implementation. However, less is known about whether these initial benefits are sustained over time. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that were delivered during the first 3 years of life and had completed a follow-up evaluation of the intervention cohort at least 1 year after the primary postintervention endpoint. We summarized intervention effects over time by child-level and parent-level outcomes as well as by timing of follow-up rounds in the short-term (1–3 years after programme completion), medium-term (4–9 years), and long-term (10+ years). We also conducted exploratory meta-analyses to compare effects on children’s cognitive and behavioral development by these subgroups of follow-up rounds. Results We identified 24 articles reporting on seven randomised controlled trials of parenting interventions delivered during early childhood that had at least one follow-up study in seven LMICs. The majority of follow-up studies were in the short-term. Three trials conducted a medium-term follow-up evaluation, and only two trials conducted a long-term follow-up evaluation. Although trials consistently supported wide-ranging benefits on early child development outcomes immediately after programme completion, results revealed a general fading of effects on children’s outcomes over time. Short-term effects were mixed, and medium-term and long-term effects were largely inconclusive. The exploratory meta-analysis on cognitive development found that pooled effects were significant at postintervention and in the short-term (albeit smaller in magnitude), but the effects were not significant in the medium-term and long-term. For behavioural development, the effects were consistently null over time. Conclusions There have been few longer-term follow-up studies of early parenting interventions in LMICs. Greater investments in longitudinal intervention cohorts are needed in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of parenting interventions over the life course and to improve the design of future interventions so they can have greater potential for achieving and sustaining programme benefits over time.

中文翻译：

---

低收入和中等收入国家的早期育儿干预措施的短期，中期和长期影响：系统评价

简介众所周知，幼儿期的育儿干预措施可以在计划实施后立即改善各种儿童发育结果。但是，对于这些最初的好处是否随着时间的推移而持续下去知之甚少。方法我们对低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）的育儿干预措施进行了系统的文献综述，这些干预措施是在生命的头3年内实施的，并且在初次教育后至少一年完成了对干预人群的随访评估。干预后终点。我们根据儿童和父母的水平，以及短期（计划完成后的1–3年），中期（4–9岁）的后续回合时间，总结了随时间推移的干预效果。和长期（超过10年）。我们还进行了探索性荟萃分析，以比较这些随访小组对儿童的认知和行为发展的影响。结果我们确定了24篇文章，报告了在儿童早期进行的7项关于育儿干预的随机对照试验，这些试验至少对7个中低收入国家进行了一项随访研究。大多数随访研究是短期的。三项试验进行了中期随访评估，只有两项试验进行了长期随访评估。尽管试验一贯支持在计划完成后立即对早期儿童发展成果带来广泛的益处，但结果表明，随着时间的流逝，对儿童成果的影响普遍减弱。短期影响是混合的，中期和长期影响在很大程度上是不确定的。对认知发展的探索性荟萃分析发现，联合干预在干预后和短期（尽管规模较小）中均显着，但在中期和长期中均无显着性。对于行为发展，随着时间的流逝，效果始终为零。结论很少有关于中低收入国家早期养育干预措施的长期随访研究。需要在纵向干预人群中进行更多的投资，以更全面地了解育儿干预措施在整个生命过程中的有效性，并改善未来干预措施的设计，以便随着时间的推移，他们有更大的潜力实现和维持计划的收益。