Heavy metal ions are extremely harmful to human health and ecosystems. The establishment of fast, convenient, accurate and sensitive detection techniques for heavy metal ions has important theoretical and practical significance for protecting human health and maintaining ecosystem balance. The electrochemical analysis method has many advantages such as high sensitivity, fast analysis speed, simple equipment and portability in detecting heavy metal ions. The appropriate modification of the working electrode is an effective way to improve the detection sensitivity. A variety of organic and inorganic materials have been widely used to modify the working electrode for this purpose with great progresses. This article reviews the recent progresses on the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions, focusing on the influence of electrode modification of material such as inorganic materials, organic materials and biological materials on ion detection range and sensitivity. The advantages, limitations and prospects of various modified materials are also briefly described.

重金属离子对人体健康和生态系统极为有害。建立快速，便捷，准确，灵敏的重金属离子检测技术，对于保护人类健康和维持生态系统平衡具有重要的理论和实践意义。电化学分析方法具有灵敏度高，分析速度快，设备简单，携带重金属离子携带方便等优点。适当修改工作电极是提高检测灵敏度的有效方法。为此，各种有机和无机材料已被广泛用于修饰工作电极，并取得了很大进展。本文回顾了电化学检测重金属离子的最新进展，着眼于无机材料，有机材料，生物材料等材料的电极修饰对离子检测范围和灵敏度的影响。还简要介绍了各种改性材料的优点，局限性和前景。