On-site small-scale sanitation is common in rural areas and areas without infrastructure, but the treatment of the collected fecal matter can be inefficient and is seldom directed to resource recovery. The aim of this study was to compare low-technology solutions such as composting and lactic acid fermentation (LAF) followed by vermicomposting in terms of treatment efficiency, potential human and environmental risks, and stabilization of the material for reuse in agriculture. A specific and novel focus of the study was the fate of native pharmaceutical compounds in the fecal matter. Composting, with and without the addition of biochar, was monitored by temperature and CO₂ production and compared with LAF. All treatments were run at three different ambient temperatures (7, 20, and 38°C) and followed by vermicomposting at room temperature. Materials resulting from composting and LAF were analyzed for fecal indicators, physicochemical characteristics, and residues of ten commonly used pharmaceuticals and compared to the initial substrate. Vermicomposting was used as secondary treatment and assessed by enumeration of Escherichia coli, worm density, and physicochemical characteristics. Composting at 38°C induced the highest microbial activity and resulted in better stability of the treated material, higher N content, lower numbers of fecal indicators, and less pharmaceutical compounds as compared to LAF. Even though analysis of pH after LAF suggested incomplete fermentation, E. coli cell numbers were significantly lower in all LAF treatments compared to composting at 7°C, and some of the anionic pharmaceutical compounds were detected in lower concentrations. The addition of approximately 5 vol % biochar to the composting did not yield significant differences in measured parameters. Vermicomposting further stabilized the material, and the treatments previously composted at 7°C and 20°C had the highest worm density. These results suggest that in small-scale decentralized sanitary facilities, the ambient temperatures can significantly influence the treatment and the options for safe reuse of the material.

现场小规模卫生设施在农村地区和没有基础设施的地区很常见，但对收集到的粪便进行处理可能效率低下，很少用于资源回收。本研究的目的是比较低技术解决方案，如堆肥和乳酸发酵 (LAF)，然后是蚯蚓堆肥，在处理效率、潜在的人类和环境风险以及农业再利用材料的稳定性方面。该研究的一个具体而新颖的重点是粪便中天然药物化合物的命运。_{通过温度和 CO 2}监测添加和不添加生物炭的堆肥生产并与 LAF 进行比较。所有处理均在三种不同的环境温度（7、20 和 38°C）下进行，然后在室温下进行蚯蚓堆肥。分析堆肥和 LAF 产生的材料的粪便指标、理化特性和十种常用药物的残留物，并与初始基质进行比较。蚯蚓堆肥用作二级处理，并通过大肠杆菌计数、蠕虫密度和物理化学特性进行评估。与 LAF 相比，在 38°C 堆肥可诱导最高的微生物活性，并导致处理材料的稳定性更好、N 含量更高、粪便指示物数量更少以及药物化合物更少。尽管 LAF 后的 pH 分析表明发酵不完全，与 7°C 堆肥相比，所有 LAF 处理中的大肠杆菌细胞数量均显着降低，并且在较低浓度下检测到一些阴离子药物化合物。在堆肥中添加大约 5 vol% 的生物炭不会在测量参数上产生显着差异。蚯蚓堆肥进一步稳定了材料，之前在 7°C 和 20°C 下堆肥的处理具有最高的蠕虫密度。这些结果表明，在小型分散式卫生设施中，环境温度会显着影响材料的处理和安全再利用的选择。