The treatment method to deactivate viable microorganisms from objects or products is termed sterilization. There are multiple forms of sterilization, each intended to be applied for a specific target, which depends on—but not limited to—the thermal, physical, and chemical stability of that target. Herein, an overview on the currently used sterilization processes in the global market is provided. Different sterilization techniques are grouped under a category that describes the method of treatment: radiation (gamma, electron beam, X-ray, and ultraviolet), thermal (dry and moist heat), and chemical (ethylene oxide, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide). For each sterilization process, the typical process parameters as defined by regulations and the mode of antimicrobial activity are summarized. Finally, the recommended microorganisms that are used as biological indicators to validate sterilization processes in accordance with the rules that are established by various regulatory agencies are summarized.

中文翻译：

---

物体、产品和包装表面的灭菌及其在不同工业领域的表征：2020 年的状况

使物体或产品中的活微生物失活的处理方法称为灭菌。有多种灭菌形式，每种形式都适用于特定目标，这取决于（但不限于）该目标的热、物理和化学稳定性。在此，概述了全球市场上当前使用的灭菌工艺。不同的灭菌技术归入一个描述处理方法的类别下：辐射（伽马、电子束、X 射线和紫外线）、热（干热和湿热）和化学（环氧乙烷、臭氧、二氧化氯和过氧化氢）。对于每个灭菌过程，总结了法规定义的典型过程参数和抗菌活性模式。最后，