A flexible smart window with electrochromic (EC) and thermochromic (TC) properties is fabricated on a highly durable transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO)/graphene/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrode. An amorphous WO₃ film and crystalline VO₂ film are used as the EC and TC material, respectively, in the device. The ITO film deposited via atomic layer deposition acts as a protective layer and suppresses the plasma-induced damage of graphene, which typically occurs during the sputtering process. In this device, the amorphous WO₃ film undergoes cathodic electrochromic reactions with high coloration efficiency, while the crystalline VO₂ film shows characteristic thermochromic behavior. Thus, the flexible EC–TC hybrid smart window shows the controlled transmission of optical and solar energies according to the surrounding temperature and the applied voltage, allowing selective modulation of the visible and near-infrared light. The flexible EC–TC hybrid device is also very stable under mechanical bending, owing to the robust adhesion of the ITO film on the graphene support and the reduced plasma-induced damage of graphene. The fabricated high-performance, durable ITO/graphene/PET transparent electrode can pave the way for next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices as well as multifunctional flexible smart windows.

具有电致变色（EC）和热致变色（TC）特性的柔性智能窗是在高度耐用的透明氧化铟锡（ITO）/石墨烯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）电极上制成的。非晶态WO ₃膜和结晶性VO ₂膜分别用作器件中的EC和TC材料。通过原子层沉积法沉积的ITO膜起着保护层的作用，并抑制了等离子体引起的石墨烯损伤，这种损伤通常发生在溅射过程中。在该装置中，无定形的WO ₃膜以高着色效率进行阴极电致变色反应，而结晶的VO ₂膜显示出特征性的热致变色行为。因此，灵活的EC–TC混合智能窗口可根据周围温度和施加的电压显示光能和太阳能的受控传输，从而可以对可见光和近红外光进行选择性调制。柔性EC–TC混合设备在机械弯曲下也非常稳定，这是由于ITO膜在石墨烯载体上的牢固附着力以及减少的等离子体诱导的石墨烯损伤。所制造的高性能，耐用的ITO /石墨烯/ PET透明电极可为下一代柔性光电设备以及多功能柔性智能窗户铺平道路。